SEMINAR 5 FITNESS, BENEFITS OF EXERCISE AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS "Ultimately, I am what I choose to be; my self-esteem follows the same path." Anonymous FITNESS What does it mean to be physically "fit?" Physical fitness is defined as "a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity" (USDHHS, 1996). In other words, it is more than being able to run a long distance or lift a lot of weight at the gym. Being fit is not defined only by what kind of activity you do, how long you do it, or at what level of intensity. Overall fitness is made up of five main components: Cardiorespiratory endurance Muscular strength Muscular endurance Body composition Flexibility Task 1 Match the titles with their definitions: What is "muscular endurance?" What is "body composition?" What is "flexibility?" What is "cardiorespiratory endurance? What is "muscular strength?" ……………………………..……………………………..is the ability of the body's circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel during sustained physical activity. To improve it, try activities that keep your heart rate elevated at a safe level for a sustained length of time such as walking, swimming, or bicycling. Start slowly with an activity you enjoy, and gradually work up to a more intense pace. ……………………………..……………………………..is the ability of the muscle to exert force during an activity. The key to making your muscles stronger is working them against resistance. If you want to gain muscle strength, try exercises such as lifting weights or rapidly taking the stairs. ……………………………..……………………………..is the ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue. To improve it, try cardiorespiratory activities such as walking, jogging, bicycling, or dancing. ……………………………..……………………………..refers to the relative amount of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body. A person's total body weight (what you see on the bathroom scale) may not change over time. But the bathroom scale does not assess how much of that body weight is fat and how much is lean mass (muscle, bone, tendons, and ligaments). ……………………………..……………………………..is the range of motion around a joint. In the joints it can help prevent injuries through all stages of life. If you want to improve this skill, try activities that lengthen the muscles such as swimming or a basic stretching program. Adapted from http://www.seekwellness.com/fitness/ BENEFITS OF EXERCISE The benefits of exercise are far-reaching. Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that regular aerobic exercise reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke, aids in reducing weight, helps prevent diabetes mellitus, strengthens bones, and enhances immune function. The psychological benefits are also broad, and most studies suggest a positive relationship between physical fitness and mental achievement. How much exercise is enough to improve general health, reduce the risk of heart disease, and increase longevity? It is clear that regular exercise, along with a generally healthy lifestyle, is beneficial. People who have sedentary lifestyles make up half the population of industrialized societies. Adapted from "Exercise," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2009 Task 2 Complete the text using the first and last letters of the word: To summarise, regular exercise improves blood c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _n, prevents and manages high blood p_ _ _ _ _ _ e, keeps w_ _ _ _t under control and improves your s_ _ _ _ _ _ h and flexibility. Furthermore, physical activity improves your self-i_ _ _ e, as well as the ability to sleep well, manage s_ _ _ _s and tension. Task 3 Answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between physical activity and exercise? 2. How much physical activity does a person need? 3. What is considered moderate physical activity? MEDICAL PROBLEMS Physical activity is good for our bodies in many ways. However, there are times when illness makes some type of exercise difficult or unwise. On the other hand, there are specific exercises that can be used to help with particular conditions. Task 4 Listening. Choose the best answer: 1. Professional ballet dancers spend 5 or 6 hours daily on their toes and as a result a. their family life is neglected b. they have time to relax only in between rehearsals c. despite their high level of fitness the effect on their bodies can be negative 2. Laura Hussey describes the ballet point shoes are a. special with a block of wood inside the point shoes b. regular slip on shoe with a reinforced sole and paper mache in the toe area c. regular gym shoes with padding 3. Ema Findley “went on point” when she a. become a professional ballerina b. was twelve years-old c. joined the English National Ballet School 4. Ema Findley thinks that the reason for having a tendonitis is a. the constant up and down movement of the toe area b. her shin splint condition from two years ago c. the rubbing of the shoe against the heel 5. Which option is INCORRECT because it was NOT mentioned in the interview? a. Rupture, shin splint b. Nose bleeding, fracture c. Ripped muscle, bone injury SEMINAR 5 PAST MODALS Past modals come in two forms: 1. Simple past modals The first type is the easiest and usually requires only a simple word change: I can drive. I could drive when I was 16. I have to go to California. I had to go to California. I don’t have to go to school tomorrow. I didn’t have to go to school last week. Lenny will pay me tomorrow. Lenny said he would pay me tomorrow. Umím řídit. Uměl jsem řídit když mi bylo 16 Musím jít do Kalifornie. Musel jsem jít do Kalifornie. Nemusím jít zítra do školy. Nemusel jsem jít do školy minulý týden. Lenny mi zítra zaplatí. Lenny říkal, že mi zítra zaplatí. (! nepřímá řeč, časový posun) 2. Past modals with have Some past modals can be formed by using have + the past participle of the main verb immediately after the modal. (should have, could have, would have, etc.) When using past modals with have, special meanings need to be considered: I should go to the funeral. I should have gone to the funeral. I shouldn’t have stayed at home. Lex might take Karen to the airport. Lex may/might have taken Karen to the airport. Lex could have taken Karen to the airport. Chris didn't come to work yesterday. He had to take care of his children. His children must have been sick. Everything will be OK. You needn’t worry. Everything was OK. You needn’t have worried. or You didn’t need to worry. They may be divorced. They may have forgotten about my birthday. Měl bych jít na pohřeb. Měl jsem jít na pohřeb. Neměl jsem zůstat doma. Lex možná odveze Karen na letiště. Lex možná vzal Karen na letiště. Lex mohl vzít Karen na letiště. (ale jí nevzal) Chris nepřišel včera do práce. Musel se postarat o své děti. Jeho děti byli nejspíš nemocné. Všechno bude OK. Nemusíš si dělat starosti. Vše bylo OK. Nemusel jsi mít strach. nebo Zbytečne jsi si dělal starosti. Možná jsou rozvedeni. Možná zapomněli na mé narozeniny. Adapted form Touchy Situations Task 5.1 Complete the second sentence with must/n´t/, need/n´t/, should/n´t/ or /don´t/ have to so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence: e.g.: It is vital to wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike. You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike. 1. I expect we’ll get the contract because we offered the best price. We offered the best price, so we................................................................................................. ............... 2. It isn’t necessary for us to spend a long time in a shopping centre if we don’t need so many things to buy. We................................................................................................. .............. .............................................. 3. It was wrong of you to speak to my mother like that. You................................................................................................ .............................................................. 4. She promised to phone me before lunch. It’s seven o’clock now. She................................................................................................ ..................................................by now. 5. I made far more sandwiches than we needed. I.................................................................................................. ...............................so many sandwiches. 6. It’s essential that my father doesn’t find out what I’ve done. My father............................................................................................. ...................................................... 7. In my opinion it would be wrong for them to move house now. I don’t think they............................................................................................... ........................................ 8. I think it’s a good idea to check the timetable before we leave. We................................................................................................. ............................................................ Task 5.2 Rewrite the following sentences using may, may not, can´t and must without changing the meaning /there may be more possibilities/: 1. It is possible they don’t live here any longer. …................................................................................. 2. It is sure there is some mistake.….......................................................................................... ............. 3. I am positive that they sold all the flowers. ….................................................................................... 4. It is possible that they are not married.….......................................................................................... .. 5. I am not quite sure if she gave up her job.…....................................................................................... 6. Maybe they did not finish the work.…............................................................................................. ... 7. He certainly did not give his speech yesterday..…..............................................................................