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WritinganAcademicEssay
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Writing an Academic Essay
The academic essay is one of
the most common assignments
you will be asked to write in
the university. The essay is
a reflection of how well you have
understood the basic course material,
how much extra work you have put into
researching the essay topic and how analytical you have been in selecting and
commenting on the material you use. Of course, your essay needs to be well written so
that your reader can follow and appreciate your ideas. In short:
Academic Essay = understanding of course + research + analysis + good writing
There are seven main steps to writing a good essay. These are:
● Analyse your prompt
● Gather your information by research and reading
● Note where your information comes from
● Think of your thesis
● Organise your material
● Draft your essay
● Revise your essay
This chapter explains the process of writing a good essay and suggests specific things
you can do to write one.
1.1 Analyse Your Prompt
The first thing to do is to look at the essay prompt (the essay question) carefully and
decide what kind of essay you are being asked to write.
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The first thing to dois to look atthe essay promptcarefully and decidewhat kind of essayyou are being askedto write.
1.1.1 Define your purpose
Different essay prompts require you to do different things. Some essays need you to
explain a concept, while others expect you to compare and/or contrast; yet others expect
you to argue a position. Table 1 shows the main essay prompts:
If you are asked to… Then you will need to…
Analyse Find some systematic or methodical way of categorising or
defining a topic.
Find the cause and effect of some phenomenon.
Find the solution to a given problem.
Argue Present your thesis — that is your stand and the reasons for
it and persuade the reader by the points that you raise.
Compare and/or contrast Focus on similarities and/or differences in a topic.
Discuss Present your view of a topic; you need to choose your own
focus.
Explain Show how well you understand a topic or phenomenon.
Table 1: Essay Prompts
1.1.2 Analyse the key words in the prompt
Some words are significant and will need to be defined as part of your essay. In the
example below, the key words are in bold:
Surrogate motherhood should be legalised in all countries so that everyone has a
chance to have their own children. Discuss.
You will need a working definition of surrogate motherhood and legalised. A working
definition is one that you will work with so you would choose one that suits your
thesis.
1.1.3 Consider other important words in the prompt
The other important words are ones which will affect
how you delineate or gather your essay points.
You could pick up on the words all, everyone and
own children. You may ask if surrogacy would suit
all countries in the world or who is meant by
everyone — should these people include
single people as well as couples and people of
different sexual orientations? You may also ask
why it is important to have one’s own children.
In short, analysing the prompt in detail will
have an impact on how you search for material
and how you select and analyse it later.
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1.2 Gather Your Information by Research and Reading
Gathering information through interview, questionnaire, survey or laboratory experiments
is called primary research. It involves collection of data which does not exist yet.
You should have a good idea of how your essay will develop before you begin so that
you can look for the appropriate amount or scope of information.
To gather information by reading, secondary research, you need to read selectively either
from a recommended bibliography or read around the topic trying to ascertain which
information could be most useful to your essay.
1.3 Note Where Your Information Comes From
It is an academic convention to acknowledge your sources and to distinguish where
source information ends and your own original thinking begins. It is the academic way
of showing that you are not plagiarising, i.e. stealing somebody else’s ideas, which is
considered to be cheating. This particular convention is one of the key features that
distinguishes an academic essay from other sorts of essays, for example, opinion pieces
in newspapers.
➤ See Chapter 6: Using other people’s ideas for instructions on how to acknowledge your sources.
As you research and read, keep careful notes about where your material comes from.
You will need to know the author’s full name, the book or article title, the publisher,
date and place of publication and any website details.
1.4 Think of Your Thesis
It is now time to craft your essay. The most important idea in your essay is your central
idea, which is called a thesis. The thesis controls the entire essay — all your main points
will be a development of it, and all the minor supporting details will illustrate it. For
the example essay prompt above, one thesis statement might be:
Surrogate motherhood is a useful method for conceiving children, but should only be
legalised where it is culturally appropriate to do so and for a clearly specified group of
people.
Make sure that the thesis expresses a controlling idea that is neither too broad nor too
specific to develop effectively and that it does not simply state the obvious.
➤ See Chapter 2: Developing an academic essay for more tips on how to construct a good thesis
statement.
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1.5 Organise Your Material
A good essay is well-organised. It has a coherent structure that helps the reader make
sense of the content. After gathering all the ideas, decide what to include in what order
and how to let the reader know you are moving from one point to another.
You will need to identify your main ideas and make sure you can support each one
sufficiently with details.
Drawing an outline can give you a good visual picture of the final essay. Work out an
outline that allows you to develop and support your thesis. This helps you to remember
when you will use which points of the information you have gathered. This is useful
in long academic essays to prevent you from digressing because of an interesting sub
point, which might lead to a rambling essay.
Table 2 and Table 3 below show templates of two ways your essay might be organised:
In this section you will…
Introduction ● give brief background to the topic
● address definition of key words and issues
● state your thesis
● outline your main points, and
● provide transition into body paragraphs.
Body ● provide a topic sentence which says what the main point of each
paragraphs paragraph is
● provide supporting details for your topic sentence (based on your research)
● synthesise what you have read; that is, show what different people think
about the same point
● show some critical thinking; that is, tell the readers what you think of what
you have read, and
● provide in-text citations for your information.
Conclusion ● recap your main points
● reiterate your thesis, and
● give your final word, if any.
References ● list the references for each of your in-text citations.
Table 2: Template for a discursive essay
Drawing an outline
can give you
a good visual picture
of the final essay.
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In this section you will…
Introduction ● give brief background to the topic
● address definition of key words and issues
● state your thesis
● outline your main points
● delineate your argument showing what your stance is and how you will
develop your ideas, and
● provide transition into body paragraphs.
Body ● provide a topic sentence which says what the main point of each
paragraphs paragraph is
● provide supporting details for your topic sentence (based on your research)
● synthesise what you have read; that is, show what different people think
about the same point
● show some critical thinking; that is, tell the readers what you think of what
you have read
● present some counterarguments, if you think they are strong ones, to
show you understand there is an opposing viewpoint, but…
● provide a refutation showing that you have an argument against that
opposing viewpoint, and
● provide in-text citations for your information.
Conclusion ● recap your main points
● reiterate your thesis, and
● give your final word, if any.
References ● list the references for each of your in-text citations.
Table 3: Template for an argumentative essay
1.6 Draft Your Essay
Using your outline, write
your essay — get all
your thoughts down on
paper. It does not have
to be perfect first time.
Use formal English and
aim for an objective tone.
Choose the most precise
words and aim for
a fluent and coherent style.
When you are referring to
sources, paraphrase and
use reported speech rather
than a lot of direct
quotation.
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1.7 Revise Your Essay
Revision consists of two steps: editing and proofreading.
Editing is the process of reading through your essay again and asking how well organised
it is and how well your ideas are developed. Do you have an objective tone? Is your
choice of words accurate? Is your writing concise? Are the links within and between
paragraphs clear?
➤ See Chapter 3: Using appropriate words in an academic essay for advice on how to choose
appropriate words in order to achieve a formal and objective tone and provide clear links
between your paragraphs.
The final step is proofreading your essay. Read through your essay slowly looking for
obvious errors such as spelling, punctuation or grammar and correct them. It is easier
to do this on a hard copy than a soft one.
➤ See Chapter 5: Proofreading an essay or report for guidelines for checking your essay.
Before you submit, check if there are any specific submission details, such as the use of
a specific font size, margins or double spacing.
Conclusion
To recap, an academic essay is the most common assessment of how much you have
learned and thought about a topic for your course work. It has certain features in terms
of content (researched or well argued based on fact and logic), organisation (controlled
by a thesis and by the type of essay prompt you are responding to), language (formal
and objective), which you will find out more about in Chapter 3, and using academic
conventions to acknowledge sources, as explained in Chapter 6. You need to select
information, synthesise it, and critique it. You should be prepared to write a first draft
and to spend time improving it.
Further reading
Abrams, E. (2009). Essay structure. Retrieved on June 15, 2009, from http://www.fas.harvard.edu/
~wricntr/documents/Structure.html
Duffin, K. (2009). Overview of the academic essay. Retrieved on June 15, 2009, from http://www.
fas.harvard.edu/~wricntr/documents/Overvu.html
Lee, K.C., Goh, H., Chan, J., & Yang, Y. (2007). Effective college writing: A process genre approach.
Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
The OWL at Purdue (2009). OWL materials: Creating a thesis statement. Retrieved on June 16, 2009,
from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/
Chapter contributed by LEE Gek Ling
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