\\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Title-R1d.png SOME GRAMMAR REVIEW DAVID VARGAS LANGUAGE CENTRE MASARYK UNIVERSITY \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png TENSES •PRESENT SIMPLE •THE MOST COMMON WAY TO SAY THINGS IN ENGLISH •I LIKE ICE-CREAM •DO YOU LIKE ICE-CREAM? •NO, I DO NOT / I DON’T •PAST SIMPLE •CONVERSELY, IT IS THE MOST COMMON WAY YOU DID SAY THINGS IN ENGLISH •I DID PLAY A VIDEO GAME •DID YOU PLAY A VIDEO GAME? •NO, I DID NOT / I DIDN’T \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png MORE TENSES •PRESENT CONTINUOUS •THE BEST WAY TO MAKE SURE YOU LET OTHERS KNOW ABOUT WHAT YOU’RE CURRENTLY DOING: •THEY ARE STUDYING VERY HARD FOR THE EXAM •ARE THEY STUDYING VERY HARD FOR THE EXAM •YES, THEY ARE / NO THEY ARE NOT/AREN’T • • • •PAST CONTINUOUS •CONSEQUENTLY, THIS WAS THE WAY YOU WERE TELLING OTHERS ABOUT WHAT YOU WERE DOING BEFORE NOW •SHE WAS PARTYING ALL NIGHT LONG •WAS SHE PARTING ALL NIGHT LONG? •YES, SHE WAS J NO SHE WASN’T L \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png WAIT, WE’RE NOT DONE YET •SIMPLE FUTURE •EASY WAY TO COMMUNICATE OTHERS WHAT WILL YOU DO AFTER NOW •WE WILL LAUGH ABOUT THE PRESENT •WILL WE LAUGH ABOUT THE PRESENT? •YES WE WILL; NO WE WILL NOT/WON’T • •FUTURE CONTINUOUS •A CONTINUOUS WAY TO KEEP THINKING ABOUT YOUR FUTURE •SHE WILL BE DREAMING ABOUT TODAY •WILL SHE BE DREAMING ABOUT TODAY •YES, SHE WILL; NO SHE WILL NOT/ WON’T •HEY, WHERE IS “BE GOING TO?” ARE YOU GOING TO FORGET ABOUT IT? \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png I PROMISE YOU: THIS IS NOT GOING TO TAKE THAT LONG: •PRESENT PERFECT •THE PERFECT WAY TO SPEAK, SO TO SPEAK! •HE HAS PERFECTED THE ART OF EATING CAKES •HAS HE PERFECTED THE ART OF EATING CAKES? •YES HE HAS / NO HE HAS NOT/HASN’T •WAIT A MINUTE: HE HAS NOT WHAT? •PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS •THE BEST WAY TO CONVINCE OTHERS YOU ARE STILL DOING SOMETHING!!! •THEY HAVE BEEN TALKING FOR THE LAST HOUR •HAVE THEY BEEN TALKING FOR THE LAST HOUR? •OFF COURSE, THEY HAVE BEEN BORING ME FOR OVER AN HOUR, ERRR, THAT’S NOT REALLY TRUE! SPEAK THE TRUTH YOU… •BUT WAIT: HAD YOU LEFT THE PAST PERFECT, PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS OUT THE DISCUSSION? WHAT ABOUT YOU WILL BE LOOKING TO ADDRESS THE FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS BY THE TIME YOU’RE DONE READING THIS? OH GOD, I WILL BE HAVING A HEAD ACHE BY THE END OF THE CLASS... TALK TO THE HAND! \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png PREPOSITIONS •THEY ARE POSITIONED BEFORE A NOUN •TIME: AT, IN, ON, UNTIL + BY, FOR •LOCATION: AT, IN, ON •DIRECTION: DOWN, DOWN FROM, IN, INTO, OUT, OUT OF, UP, UP TO •+ ACROSS, ALONG, AROUND, OVER, THROUGH, UNDER •POSITION PREPOSITION: AT, NEXT TO, ON, UNDER •+ BEHIND, IN, IN FRONT OF, ON • •IF THERE ARE MORE PREPOSITIONS THAN THESE, IT IS GOING TO GET ME “ON MY NERVES” •YEAH RIGHT. WHO CAME UP WITH THOSE RIDICULOUS PHRASAL VERBS, SERIOUSLY! \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT CONDITIONALS TOO. SO IF I WRITE THEM HERE, YOU WILL HAVE TO USE THEM •THE ZERO CONDITIONAL: (IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, ... PRESENT SIMPLE) IF YOU HEAT WATER TO 100 DEGREES, IT BOILS •THE FIRST CONDITIONAL: (IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, ... WILL + INFINITIVE) IF IT RAINS TOMORROW, WE'LL GO TO THE CINEMA. •THE SECOND CONDITIONAL: (IF + PAST SIMPLE, ... WOULD + INFINITIVE) IF I HAD A LOT OF MONEY, I WOULD TRAVEL AROUND THE WORLD. THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (IF + PAST PERFECT, ... WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE) IF I HAD GONE TO BED EARLY, I WOULD HAVE CAUGHT THE TRAIN. \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png LAST BUT NOT LEAST: CONNECTORS THE LINKING WORDS FOR ESSAYS, REPORTS AND PAPERS •LISTING •FIRSTLY, SECONDLY ... •TO BEGIN / START WITH ..., TO CONCLUDE WITH •IN THE FIRST PLACE, IN THE SECOND PLACE •NEXT , THEN , FINALLY, LAST(LY) •TO CONCLUDE ... •LAST BUT NOT LEAST ... •TO SUMMARISE , TO SUM UP • •ADDING •ALSO, TOO, THEN •FURTHERMORE ... •MOREOVER ... •IN ADDITION TO THAT ... •ABOVE ALL ...... •WHAT IS MORE ... •ADDITIONALLY • \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png BE PATIENT BECAUSE THE LIST IS LONG •COMPARING •EQUALLY, LIKEWISE, SIMILARLY, IN THE SAME / A DIFFERENT WAY •COMPARED TO / WITH, IN COMPARISON WITH •AS ... AS , BOTH ... AND ... •YOU CAN´T COMPARE IT WITH ... •CONCLUDING •ALL IN ALL... / IN CONCLUSION ... •TO SUM UP ... •I DRAW THE CONCLUSION / ARRIVE AT THE CONCLUSION THAT ... •I CONCLUDE ... •CONSEQUENTLY .. • •EXEMPLIFYING •FOR EXAMPLE (E.G.), FOR INSTANCE •THAT IS (I.E.) •THAT IS TO SAY •... SUCH AS ... •NAMELY ... •RESULT •CONSEQUENTLY •HENCE •THEREFORE •THUS •AS A RESULT •BECAUSE OF THAT ...- •THAT´S WHY ... • \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png OOPS! WE’RE NOT DONE •REFORMULATING • TO PUT IT ANOTHER WAY •IN OTHER WORDS •ALTERNATIVE •ON THE ONE HAND... , ON THE OTHER HAND •CONCESSION •BESIDES, HOWEVER, STILL, THOUGH, •IN SPITE OF THAT, DESPITE THAT •ADMITTEDLY •IF , UNLESS • • •CONTRASTING •ON THE CONTRARY •IN CONTRAST TO THAT •BUT , YET, HOWEVER •NEVERTHELESS ... •WHEREAS ..., WHILE ... •NEITHER .... NOR ... •ON THE ONE HAND ..., ON THE OTHER HAND ... • \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png PLEASE DON’T GO WITHOUT CHECKING THESE OUT: •IN MY VIEW; TO MY MIND, IN MY OPINION, AS I SEE IT, •I THINK THAT , I BELIEVE THAT , I HAVE COME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT, •I WOULD NOT SAY THAT ..., THEREFORE I CANNOT AGREE WITH ..., •I AM DOUBTFUL WHETHER / CERTAIN THAT ... •ACCORDING TO THE TEXT ... •IT SEEMS TO ME THAT ... •ANOTHER ARGUMENT IS THAT ... •AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED, .... •ONE REASON IS THAT ... • •I WOULD SAY THAT ... •AS WE HAVE SEEN, ... •AS WE KNOW FROM ...., ... •FOR ALL THESE REASONS I WOULD SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT ... •AS A RESULT ... •IN SHORT ... •WITH REGARD TO ... •IT IS FOR THIS REASON THAT I THINK ... •I AM CONVINCED THAT ... •I FEEL THAT ... • AFTER ALL, YOU NEED TO GIVE YOUR OWN OPINION AS WELL, DON’T YOU?