C H A P T E R 15 ERGOGENIC AIDS AND SPORT 85013.jpg 00000168E2862 Wilmore PP BB8DFF79: chapter 15.tif 0000014DE2862 Wilmore PP BB8DFF79: Examples in Sports w Football—anabolic steroids w Cycling—blood doping; amphetamines w Weight category athletes—diuretics, amphetamines w Distance running—carbohydrate loading D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Medication.tiff Note: Scientific studies are limited by the accuracy of measurements and individual day-to-day variability. Events are won by hundredths of seconds or by centimeters. Did You Know…? The placebo effect refers to when your body’s expectations of a substance determine your body’s response to it. While the effect is psychological in origin, the body’s physical response to the substance is real. D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 12\Discus.tiff PLACEBO EFFECT ON STRENGTH GAINS 83308/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: Pharmacological Agents w Amphetamines w Beta blockers w Caffeine w Diuretics D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Cigarettes.tiff w Recreationally used drugs (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, nicotine) Amphetamines w Increase mental alertness, blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose and FFA levels, and muscle tension w Decrease sense of fatigue w Redistribute blood flow to skeletal muscles w May enhance speed, power, endurance, concentration, and fine motor coordination D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 14\Vitaminpills.tiff w May be addictive (metamphetamine) and can trigger cardiac arrhythmia or death Beta Blockers w Prevent the binding of norepinephrine to its receptor, thus decreasing sympathetic nervous system effects w May improve accuracy (for shooting sports) w Decrease aerobic capacity but have no effect on strength, power, or muscular endurance w Prolonged use can cause bradycardia, heart blockage, hypotension, bronchospasm, fatigue, and decreased motivation D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Medication.tiff Caffeine w Increases mental alertness, concentration, catecholamine release, and mobilization and use of FFA by the muscles w Decreases fatigue and lowers perception of effort w Improves endurance performance; may improve sprint and strength performance D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Coffee.tiff w Can cause nervousness, insomnia, tremors, diuresis, and lead to dehydration Diuretics w Increase urine production and excretion w Used for weight reduction and to mask other drugs during drug testing w Cause weight loss (water loss) w Can lead to dehydration, impaired thermoregulation, and electrolyte imbalances D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 05\Kidneys.tiff Alcohol w Provides energy (7 kcal/g) but inhibits metabolism w Dulls pain sensation (increasing injury risk); reduces anxiety w Suppresses release of ADH which leads to dehydration w Appears to impair psychomotor function w Has no ergogenic effects on strength, power, speed, or endurance D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Martini.tiff Cocaine w Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine by neurons w Creates feelings of euphoria, alertness, and self-confidence w Masks fatigue and pain w Has no evidence of ergogenic properties; likely ergolytic w Extremely addictive; can cause psychological problems and compromise heart function Marijuana w Acts as a stimulant and depressant of CNS w Impairs performance requiring hand-eye and motor coordination, fast reaction times, tracking ability, and perceptual accuracy w Can lead to personality changes, memory impairment, hallucinations, and psychotic-like behavior w May pose same risks as cigarette smoking (if smoked) Nicotine w Increases alertness and may calm nervousness w Increases heart rate, blood pressure, autonomic reactivity, vasoconstriction, ADH and catecholamine secretion, blood lipid levels, plasma glucose, glucagon, insulin, and cortisol w Lowers VO2max values (when smoked) and peripheral circulation . D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Smoker.tiff w Is addictive and causes various cancers and cardiovascular diseases Hormonal Agents w Anabolic steroids w Human growth hormone w Oral contraceptives D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 04\Bodyw_pressurepoints.tiff Anabolic Steroids w Are nearly identical to male sex hormones; synthetic form maximizes anabolic effects w Increase muscle mass (fat-free mass) and strength w Can cause testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, and prostate and breast enlargement in men w Can cause breast regression, masculinization, and menstrual disruption in women w Can cause personality changes, liver damage, and cardiovascular disease BODY CHANGES WITH ANABOLIC STEROIDS 83309/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: STEROIDS AND LEAN BODY MASS 83310/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: STEROIDS AND STRENGTH GAINS 83311new/E2799 000A4003 PROJECTS 1 B727F70A: Did You Know…? Andro and DHEA, precursors of testosterone, have been proposed to have ergogenic properties—increased muscle mass and strength—but research has not supported the claims that have been made. Human Growth Hormone w Secreted naturally by pituitary; synthetic form used by some athletes w Difficult to detect synthetic from natural in drug testing w Proven to increase lipolysis and blood glucose levels; changes in muscle mass and strength are found in some studies, but not in the best controlled studies or studies with athletes w Can cause acromegaly (bone thickening), enlargement of internal organs, muscle and joint weakness, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Syringe.tiff Oral Contraceptives w Control menstrual cycle w Little research on ergogenic properties w May delay PMS and dysmenorrhea, alleviating symptom on competition days w Can cause nausea, weight gain, fatigue, hypertension, liver tumors, blood clots, stroke, or heart attack w VS. abortion doping of Soviet females? Physiological Agents w Blood doping w Erythropoietin w Oxygen supplementation w Bicarbonate loading w Phosphate loading Blood Doping w Artificial increase in total volume of red blood cells (via transfusion) w Improves endurance performance by increasing blood’s O2-carrying capacity w Can cause blood clotting, heart failure, and transfusion complications w Increases VO2max, time to exhaustion, and measurable performance . VO2MAX AND FATIGUE AFTER BLOOD DOPING . 83312/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: 83313/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT AFTER BLOOD DOPING 83314/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: Erythropoietin w Natural hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production w Can be cloned and administered to increase red blood cell volume w Can cause blood clotting and heart failure due to increased blood viscosity w Increases VO2max and time to exhaustion . D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Redbloodcells.tiff Oxygen Supplementation w Breathed by athlete to increase oxygen content of blood w Can improve performance if administered during exercise, but not before or after w Too cumbersome to be practical w No serious risks known D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Oxygentank.tiff w Rapid oxygenation can induce free radicals? OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE 83315/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: Bicarbonate w Naturally part of body’s buffering system to maintain normal pH w Loading increases blood alkalinity so that more lactate can be cleared (delay fatigue) w Ingesting 300 mg per kg body weight can increase performance in all-out anaerobic exercise bouts between 1 and 7 minutes w Can cause gastrointestinal cramping, bloating, and diarrhea Phosphate Loading Loading is thought to increase phosphate levels throughout body, which then w Increase potential for oxidative phosphorylation and PCr synthesis w Enhance oxygen release to the cells w Improve cardiovascular response to exercise and buffering and endurance capacities Studies are divided on results of phosphate loading. No risks are yet known. Nutritional Agents w Amino acids w L-carnitine w Creatine w Glycerol w Pyruvate D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Molecule.tiff Amino Acids w L-tryptophan and Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) w Proposed to increase endurance performance by delaying fatigue (delayed transformation to serotonin) w Studies are inconclusive on effects on performance D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 20\Runner_winning.tiff BRANCED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS AND PERFORMANCE 83318/e2862 000002BBE2862 Wilmore PP B5AE00F7: Creatine w Supplement to better maintain muscle ATP levels w Shown to increase anaerobic power, anaerobic endurance, and aerobic endurance-types of activities, and possibly fat-free body mass, although the results of these performance studies are mixed D:\Alternate Chapter Clipart\Chapter 13\Batter.tiff Other Nutritional Agents w Glycerol might have ergogenic properties facilitating water storage and improving exercise performance in the heat through improved thermoreulation and reduced dehydration w Pyruvate supplementation has no proven benefits