Mediating Interests: Governments and Non-Governmental Acto r š Interest Groups and International Governance L ■ Lobbying To know more. Image of Lobbying a ■ IHII.Wf.HJI LllltliTCtHIR BUCKLEY Thanh1 . FOR JMÜSUHi C THANK YOU FOR SMWJTtG ■ / /iÉmppw/ Total Lobbying Spending in the U.S. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 $1.44 Bi $1.45 Bi $1.56 Bi $1.62 Bi $1.82 Bi $2.04 Bi $2.18 Bi $2.41 Bi ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion 'The underlying problems are big government ano big money' (Newt Gingrich) /äéiipipm/ US lobbying sector expenditures 1998 Sector I Total Finance, Insurance & Real Esta $205,570,907 Communications/Electronics $185,318,089 Mise Business $180,344,500 Health $160,973,704 Energy & Natural Resources $154,599,785 Agribusiness $118,740,690 Transportation $117,842,871 Other $74,644,198 Ideological/Sing le-lssue $70,039,735 Defense $53,139,485 Labor $26,097,746 Construction $22,385,406 Lawyers & Lobbyists $18,201,170 / /ÉÉlpJlpÉ/ US lobbying sector expenditures 2005 Sector 1 Total Finance, Insurance & Real Esta $367,129,772 Health $321,894,353 Mise Business $297,707,238 Communications/Electronics $277,698,354 Energy & Natural Resources $205,482,721 Other $198,443,555 Transportation $180,154,279 Ideological/Sing le-lssue $138,338,582 Agribusiness $100,373,847 I Defense $89,229,640 Construction $37,111,464 Labor $34,182,298 Lawyers & Lobbyists | $27,548,838| 1 4 / /iÉmppw/ The Justice Department is investigating the dealings of former lobbyist Jack Abramoff, who collected tens of millions of dollars In fees from casino-rich Indian tribes and directed the tribes to make contributions to dozens of lawmakers and political groups. The charts below reflect 1999-2004 contributions by Abramoff, his tri bal clients and the lobbyists that make up Team Abramoff: Where the Money Came From... I*.: sv -ú Í2S0.57S Tem AfcfrUHCf J4U.554 Ifeariy CMíCributi™ totals far Abramoff, hl; lobliylsls and tribal clients: $593,218 + .'|.|..-4! AbfNMff 5705,085, í l.»5 million TRIBES T M I E 5 AW What Contributions, 8SH0Ů4 lississipr* Band díChocta» Injurs (1,664,464 Aqua Calient* Band of Cahulla Infers 1,157,998 Saginaw Oiippewa Indian Tribe 863,160 Chitlnucha Tribe of Inuslana 326,310 Coushatta Tribe oFLnuslana 320,875 Tgua Indan Besenation 25B,25Q Puthlonf Sanaa S1.00Q Pueblo ci Santa Clara 19,550 HLLKJ' SI íl.J-.iiiill:in TRIBES TEAM ABRAMOFF iinilDFF IMS JDfll JHO? I I : 5725,01-0 S f' u D JO« Where the Money Went... Republicans: Sl.11 million DcTocrals: $ LBS mihnu Yearly totals, by party Independent-S3.00D-Oner: ISVH National Patty Committee Recipients $181,000 i ™ ??.m ?imi ??.n? ?rm 2WH Top 20 Individual Recipients Dons. ■ GOP 51.04 hnlHltn National Rwublui Senatorial Ccmmirtee Democratic Senatorial Campaqit Crninittfic Derflocrartic Oongressiofiäl Camcčgr Committee Derme otic national Camnittee Slib.iíí Cwraj Bums 131,000 Patrici J. Kennedy 86,750 J.DLHaVWOrth 81.7SD J. Dennis Hasten 79,790 John T. Doolrtth 71,000 68.5W 62,485 49,4*0 UfiW 4B,500 44,5*0 44,050 41,750 39,500 37,5*0 36,000 34^50 33,000 31,500 Tarn Delay Ttaj Ctttim Robert WL Hey PittJ MilrrtJ Harry M. Rek Jim McCrery Sam Brawnback Byron L. Dorgan Thomas A, Daschle fclchaid A. fiephatft Don Midcles Richard W. Pümbo Gwtgt IE Byjh Harold Rogers Charles E Gnnslcy MT Gka+wwtii Senat« tnlnnofipmit,.. \i- ■ - o ■■■•■■■. ■ HI House Aopnnriafíons Committee AZ Home fasmrTes Committee 4mo>7ff Iftc f pp 20 -,. IL $t&iter«fStvHovte CA touseJeatife^i^f^m^^Omm K*"^"™ TX ftionerňousB majority testier comhtiEes or WS $e^4ŕfljfl^^CMimWíí subcommittees OH Chairman, House AdomótrstionCommitte WA Sertíí9/ipŕrt(jrti«jflí CftWTtítht* Dems. GDP MV Li. K1! ND 5D famjar Senate minority íeactaf W5 ii>íjnefMiwsfůtn»íiCřteflrieř 6 were/are leadership Sanaíe mmomt}'feader House Hays £ JtJeara umuniölse J Is borti Srnoíc Inprapííílŕins Cortwuifre* fejitag Demctraí, jisnad? taferto; appflppnafionr subcommirfH Intludes nonpartisan MC! and corporate WCs ■OK fcmwSeť^fia^(a^inaia^ta(íer U Chairman, House fflesources QmmfllBe PHStfMf tttht imdítíttt KY House ^ppítupriaííons Committee IA Chairman, Senate Finance Committee 3 Lobbyist'=a shadowy phantom > From Jack Abramoff to Jacek Spira - Even before Mr Abramoff, the public thought the influence-buying game was sleazy. ... When it comes to lobbying in this post-Abramoff world, everyone's a reformer... Source: NYT, January 6, 2006, Money Always Finds a Way - Since 1998, more than 2,200 former federal employees had registered as federal lobbyists, as had nearly 275 former White House aides and nearly 250 former members of Congress. Source: Center for Public Integrity -272 former members registered as lobbyists between 1995 to 2004 * y Source: Political Money-Line -15.000 lobbyists in Brussels... Source: EU Commissioner Kallas /Müppw/ What is Lobbying? > influencing governmental decisions > private coaxing and cajoling of legislative members > public actions (e.g. mass demonstrations), or >combinations of both public and private actions (e.g. encouraging constituents r to contact their legislative representatives='grassroots lobbying' / /liÉipjfá/ Lobbying in the Czech Republic >An idiot's guide to lobbying in the Czech republic would consist of one word: corruption. >An intelligent person's guide is more sophisticated: - Early warning of the problem, - Realistic client objectives, - Convincing set of arguments, r- Good timing, - Client's willingness to compromise Source: James de Candole >Corruption = an illegitimate way of communication of particular interests. > Lobbying = a legitimate communication of interests andopinions to designed to influence public policy. J71Mip!|PIl/ Lobbying: the art, practice or profession? > convergence between lobbying and public relations > business-government relations >the PR firms were the first into lobbying and the law firms followed; and now we have conglomerates >from the company's point of view- issue management: - corporate philanthropy, community involvement, government relations, pub ic relations, ... / /ilfllipipÉ/ Studying Lobbying > lobbying as communication (Milbrath 1960) u x > lobbying as a political participation - symptom of negligence in political manners and tlius inappropriate(Beyme 1980). >combined political and communicational definition (Schendelen 1993): lobbying xis the informal exchange of information with public authorities (min.) ana ... trying informally to influence public authorities Xnnax.) /Müppw/ 5- Communicating knowledge =putting ideas 5- Advocating values =changing attitudes 5- Lobbying interests =getting into action basis of research (Weiss) Role of experts type of think-tank similar institutions ("hybrids", "siblings") dominant source of finance data (knowledge) academic scholars "university without students" academic research centers foundations EC contract researchers, experts consulting firms government research centers state (public) budget ideas (ideology) values advocates NGO (non-profit) party think-tanks political parties, individuals, corporations arguments interests intermediaries, lobbyists lobbies associated research centers of interest groups entrepreneurs, corporations, associations (unions) Lobbying and Decision-Making Process The lobbies' input to decision making: > promoting interests and > providing capacities to solve problems (information, research etc). f I /liÉipjfá/ Interest Groups and Policy-Making A htermedisfrieS~~~~Pöiitical Parties Professional Assoc. Academia, TTs interest Groups / /liÉipjfá/ A\* J> > > J> Independent actors and on "market of-ideas" Tools in promotion of interests in policy process Bridges between policy and ideas Networks of experts > / /iÉmppw/ Types of Lobbyists >Big firms - special departments > Interest Associations > Free-lance consultants / 'Hired-guns' * / /iÉmppw/ Principles of Lobbying Regulation >Accountability of: - Targets (objects) - Actors (subjects, clients) > Regulation: J - Registration M - Reporting: • Lobbying contacts • Legislative agenda > De-regulation: - Transparency - Free access to information W /Müppw/ Alternatives in Lobbying Regulation >Case of Canada - Lobbyist Registration Act (1989) - Lobbyist' Code of Conduct (1997) >Case of U.K. - Nolan Committee (on Standards in Public Life, 1994) v ^^ Association of Professional Political Consultants >Case of Poland - Law on Lobbying Activity (2005) ^ Case of Slovakia - Draft Legislation (2005) /Müppw/ Main reasons to lobby in Brussels > European law takes precedence over national legislation >EU financial programmes >new areas of regulations and policies emerge at EU level > complexity of the EU's legislation - can be handled only by insiders - Bureaucratic representation - Intergovernmental negotiation /Mi« pi pi/ Conclusion 'lobbyists should not be afraid of the ...otherwise ■ it w.ould be appropriated for use solely by journalists and members of the public to reinforce a notion that lobbying is illegitimate and unethical' (Thomas and Hrebenar) I /ilflipipÉ/ üf ^■■■■■1 ***** hasbeei * * ** + ** co-finani ^^^^■^H the Euroi ect i ted by lean social fund 1 The end interest renresentati lmwníitií?níil Insntute ftf Mírital tatam p fff Mcisnryfe Unmraiiy Prifjui Its.irhy ■lud Im ImHIiiI« organization partner