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Development Theory
An Introduction
P. W. Preston
BLACKWELL
P u b li she r s
Copyright © P. W. Preston 1996
The right of P. W. Preston to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 1996 2468 10 97531
Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford 0X4 1JF UK
Blackwell Publishers Inc
238 Main Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
USA
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
British Library Cataloging in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Preston, P. W. (Peter Wallace), 1949-Development theory / P. W. Preston.
p.        cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-19554-8. — ISBN 0-631-19555-6 (pbk.) 1. Economic development.    I. Title. HD75.P734    1996
338.9—dc20                                                           95-52581
CIP Typeset in 11 on 12j pt Sabon by Graphicraft Typesetters Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain by T.J. Press Limited, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper
List of Figures
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: The Nature of Social Theorizing
1    Arguments and Actions in Social Theorizing
Overview of the general nature of social theorizing
Approaches to theorizing
Ernest Gellner's theorizing
Peter Worsley's theorizing
Analysing change
Arguments and actions about development
Chapter summary
Part II: Classical Social Theory
2    The Rise of a Social Science of Humankind
Overview of the history of the social sciences The rise of a science of humankind Theoretical issues Chapter summary
3    Adam Smith and the Spontaneous Order of the Marketplace
Overview of the work of Adam Smith
The   l-|TCt-r\ri^.-il   /-^ .-.#-«-.,-*-   ~ŕ   C„."*.Ľ.-   -------1-
VIII
Contents
The debate on basic needs                                                       245 Global development approaches in retrospect and
prospect                                                                                   248
Chapter summary                                                                    250
14 The Affirmation of the Role of the Market-Metropolitan Neoliberalism in the 1980s                                251 Overview of the position of the New Right                             251 The eclipse of the liberal-democratic orthodoxy                       252 The logic of the New Right position                                        253 The overall record of the New Right                                       257 New Right ideas on state, market and economy                      260 The New Right episode in retrospect                                       268 Chapter summary                                                                    269
Part IV: New Analyses of Complex Change                               271
15   Global System Interdependence: The New Structural
Analyses of the Dynamics of Industrial-capitalism                 273
Overview of new structural analyses                                        273 The postmodernist theory of the global cultural
marketplace                                                                             274
The reconstruction of global industrial-capitalism                     280 The claims to a logic of ever greater global
interdependence                                                                       292
Chapter summary                                                                    293
6   Agent-centred Analyses of the Diversity of Forms-of-life       294
Overview of agent-centred analysis                                           294    „,;
Agent-centred analysis                                                              296      ';
The contribution of social movements                                      304     J
Chapter summary                                                                    314
'   The Formal Character of a New General Approach                         :J
to Development                                                                        315
Overview of the new general approach                                    315      Ĺ
The decline of First World theory                                            316     Cr
The pursuit of effective nationstatehood                                   319     ,u
The spontaneous order of the marketplace                               321     "y
The legacy of dependency theory                                             322      ,'
Restating the modernist project                                                324      •'
Towards a new general approach to development                    326      -'.
End-note                                                                                 332 Chanter snmmm-v
Contents
IX
18   A New Substantive Focus: Elucidating the Dynamics of Complex Change
Overview of the new substantive focus 1          Changes in development discourses
The formal commitments of the discourse of the
public sphere
,The substantive commitments implied in the discourse of the public sphere
The presently discussed changes in the global system Chapter summary
Bibliography
Index
334 334 335
337
339 342 348
349
361

Hie Legacies oí the Colonial hra
System, agent and theory
141

The European capitalist system underwent a dual process of expansion and intensification from its inception in The fifteenth century.(taking-the H ihan city states of the Renaissance as a nominal start point) through to it. apogee in the early years of the short twentieth century. The expansion \\ as geographical, firstly within Europe and thereafter across the globe. The intensification process has been characterized by many social theorists in terms of the ongoing development of the rationality of the system. In the modern world the demands of the capitalist system extend to many areas of human life.3
The geographical expansion of the European capitalist system which began in the sixteenth century and continued through to a high point in the years before the Great War took place in a series of phases, and with multiple conflicts Jbetween the European powers and between European powers and indigenous peoples^ firstly, the Americas; secondly, Asia; and thirdly, Africa.
The expansion of the capitalist systemtook placej/ia_a_series_of_agents: traders, soldiers, missionaries, settlers and so on. All these agents would have had particular reasons for becoming involved with non-European peoples, The range of agents involved in the particular case of the^expansion of the British into the Far East involved the following:4 (ajtraders, who would have travelled out as mariners in very small numbers, enduring long voyages, who set up factories with very small staffs, and who acted routinely in complex and shifting alliances/relationships with indigenous groups and other European and non-European traders; (b) mariners, running sailing ships prior to the 1840s over long distances and with many risks, who were an elite whose technology was superior to that of indigenous groups, and who could make handsome profits on early voyages; (c) soldiers and sailors, deploying force in garrisons, police actions and not infrequent wars (against other Europeans as well as indigenous peoples), often-With small numbers and more advanced technology than indigenous groups; (d)_administrators, following the traders and establishing bureaucracies that expanded slowly as trading turned intčTcolonŤalism with its authoritarian .paternalism, along with families and transplanted aspects of home-life as expatriates in settlements having various quarters for the different races; and (e) the adventurers who worked along a line parallel to the traders and bureaucrats.
^All these agents both read and ordered their activities in the light of Particular sets of expectations and ideas. The sets of ideas brought to bear °flj*_glven .situation would of course be very particular. In the period of expansion the activities of the various agents provided a rich stock of new
•>* The long process of the global expansion of capitalism has been a particular concern of neo marxist theorists; see I. Wallerstein 1974 The Modern World System, New York, Academic,
U G Woodcock 1969 The British in the Far East, London, Weidenfeld.