Long-term research of natural forests on permanent plots founded by
prof. A. Zlatník in protected areas of Transcarpathia.
Buček, A., Hrubý, Z., Lacina, J., Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry,
Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno,
Czech Republic. bucek@mendelu.cz., hruby@node.mendelu.cz, lacina@mendelu.cz
Introduction
The life-long scientific work of the founder of Czechoslovak geobiocoenology prof.
RNDr. Ing. Alois Zlatník, DrSc. (1902-1979) culminated in a proposal of the
geobiocoenological classification system. Professor A. Zlatník, a long-standing head of the
Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology at Mendel University of
Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, developed the system for typological mapping of landscape
and forests. In the autumn of his life, he published an overview of the groups of geobiocoene
types in vegetation tiers and ecological series (ZLATNÍK 1976b). At this, he made use of
results from his life-long field research, documented by several thousand phytocoenological
relevés from typological plots established in various regions of Central Europe. Towards the
end of the 20th
century, results of geobiocoenological typology of landscape became in the
Czech Republic one of material groundworks for landscape planning, namely in design and
formation of the territorial systems of landscape ecological stability (BUČEK, LACINA,
MÍCHAL 1996). First comprehensive knowledge about the regularities of relations between
abiotic and biotic constituents of forest geobiocoenoses he gained already in the 1930s from
his exemplary conceptional and detailed study on permanent plots that he founded in the
natural forests of Eastern Carpathians. In cooperation with the Administration of the
Carpathian Biosphere Reserve in Rachov and the Administration of the Uzhanski National
Natural Park) in Velkiy Berezniy, the plots have been since 1996 subject to repetitive research.
Foundation of research plots, research methodology and results published in the 1930s
Eighty years ago, Alois Zlatník found rests of natural forests in the farthest ends of the
Eastern Carpathians. He realized the importance of research in these by human untouched
ecosystems for learning natural processes and linkages and their significance for practical
forest management (ZLATNÍK 1935). He focused on establishing justification for using
vegetation as an indicator of productivity class in forest stands. Together with Ivan Zvorykin
­ soil scientist, he designed in 1931-1935 an extensive network of 36 research plots in the
most preserved and by humans as least as possible affected forest stands, covering diverse
natural conditions. Each of these research plots was 3-11 ha in size. The plots were first
geodetically surveyed including a detailed surface contour relief map and then permanently
marked with paint in the field on boundary trees and by stone mans (cairns) in all points of
boundary angles. The entire plot was subjected to detailed dendrometric surveys. For
dendromass calculation, a method was chosen of measuring all trees already from the
registration diameter in the breast height (hereinafter DBH) limit of 3 cm at only 2cm
intervals. Counted were also all bachelor trees over 1.3 m in height but not reaching yet the
registration limit of 3 cm DBH.
Volumes were calculated not by using the conventional volume tables constructed for
even-aged pure stands, moreover in entirely different natural conditions, but local volume
tables were created in each forest stand for all major tree species based on measuring the
volume in a sufficient amount of standing trees. In phytocoenological terms, an irregular grid
of several tens of points was ranged within each research plot, where simultaneous
phytosociological surveys (relevés) were made connected with soil sampling for chemical and
physical analyses from identical, precisely geodetically surveyed spots (ZLATNÍK et al.
1938). The points were to serve for zoological investigation, too. The first experimental
research was made into collembolans (Apterygota) on Plot 11 at Pop Ivan ­ (KSENEMAN
1938).
Carrier idea for this research was to trace by repetitive measurements natural changes in
tree species and their herbaceous undergrowth at long time segments without the influence of
intentional human interventions and to assess the natural potential of habitats. With the above
outlined methodology of complex interdisciplinary research, prof. A. Zlatník was ahead of his
time by at least several tens of year(ZLATNÍK et al.1938).
However, only a small part of this immensely ambitious, extensive and
methodologically well-thought project succeeded. Unfortunately, nothing has been preserved
of an undoubtedly ample unprocessed research material. The only data preserved until these
days are therefore only those published in ZLATNÍK et al. (1938). The team of prof. Zlatník
measured on these 11 published research plots DBH in 61 000 trees of which 3 460 trees were
also measured for standing volume. In addition, 108 000 bachelor trees were inventoried.
Apart from this, prof. Zlatník recorded 870 phytocoenological relevés and analyzed samples
from 432 soil pits. A review of 11 processed and published research plots (incl.
subcompartments in lower-case letters) is presented in Table 1 by individual regions of
Transcarpathia: from the west eastwards Stuzhitsa, Yavornk and Pop Ivan (ZLATNÍK et al.
1938).
By tragical events of dismembering the Czechoslovak state in 1939, all works had to be
discontinued. In spite of trying hard to be able to return to his research plots, Alois Zlatník
had visited them never more until his death in 1979. Continuation or repetition of research
was impossible both during World War II under the occupation by the fascist Hungary, and in
the period of Communist regime when the territory fell to the Soviet Union.
Professor Zlatník and his colleagues succeeded in the detailed capturing of conditions
existing in various types of natural forests and in the characterization of their species and
structural diversity. Only a repeated research could have revealed changes and occurring
processes, which was however not made possible by ill fortune.
Repetitive research on permanent research plots
The radical change of political situation in Central and Eastern Europe after fall of the
iron curtain in 1989-1991 made it possible to return to the mostly still intact forests, now in
the Ukrainian Eastern Carpathians.
The first one to take the chance was a team of the Tatra National Park from Slovakia
under leadership of prof. Vološčuk. They succeeded in re-establishing at Pop Ivan and in
other localities where Zlatník worked a network of own regular hectare plots of modern
conception that were adjacent to or even partly overlapping with the original research plots of
prof. Zlatník. Results of their research were characterized in VOLOŠČUK (2003) and their
links to stages and phases summarized in VOLOŠČUK (2007).
In 1996, researchers from the Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and
Geobiocoenology at Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno succeeded in
finding traces of paint on the bark of spruce and fir trees (11c) and later also locations of
boundary stone mans(cairns) ­ first on Plot 7.
The detailed geodetic plans published in ZLATNÍK et al. 1938 were necessary
groundworks and condition for refinding the individual research plots after more than 60
years. Without the plans and without the diligent piling of stone man (cairns) on the
boundaries, a precise localization of the plots would have not been possible after such a long
time. Individual postgraduate students restored eight of a total number of eleven plots. The
restored plots with the names of persons leading the restoration works and years of restoration
are in Tables 1 and 2 marked in bold letters .
These 8 restored plots covering a total of 47.8 ha represent 73% of the area of 11
published plots (ZLATNÍK et al. 1938). It follows out from the column named "State of
plots" in Tab. 1 that plots not restored so far are in general heavily affected by forest activities
and in future, they could give answer to an interesting question how the process of
regeneration proceeds after severe unnatural disturbance. Table 2 summarizes changes in the
species composition of tree layer, quantified by means of basal area share.
A comparison revealed only negligible differences on most of the restored plots in the
period longer than 60 years. The share of beech generally increased with an exception of Plot
1, which was dominated by disintegration and is dominated by maturity now, and Plot 3b
where the share of sycamore maple slightly increased at the expense of beech, which still
exhibits a crushing dominance, because the concerned plot is a scene of continual
disturbances. Plots with the fir show a general withdrawal of the species on Plots 3, 7 and 12
while the species' share on plots 11c, 11d and 11e slightly increased. The representation of fir
on Plot 11f remained identical in spite of the fact that the stand was severely affected by
windbreak and the beech compensated for a great loss of spruce (by half).
Table 1 Prof.Zlatník's Investigation Plots State Synopsis - Zlatník et al. 1938
Region Plot Area Actual state of plots Plot restoration status
(Group) number ha (human/natural influence)
Stuzhitsa 1 1,65 intacted localized - NOTrestored (Hrubý)
2 4,67 completly clearcutted 50's localized - NOTrestored (Hrubý)
3a 1,79 intacted restored 2007 Kolář-Šebesta
3b 3,95 intacted restored 2007 Kolář-Šebesta
3c 0,87 intacted restored 2007 Kolář-Šebesta
3d 0,60 intacted restored 2007 Kolář-Šebesta
4 6,58 completly clearcutted 50's localized - NOTrestored (Hrubý)
Yavornik 5a 5,06 partly logged 60's finded-NOT restored (Buček)
5b 3,09 intacted restored 2002 Žárník
6 6,83 intacted restored 1996 Hrubý
7 6,05 2/3 clearcutted 1999 restored 1996 Hrubý
Pop Ivan 11a 1,38 intacted restored 1997 Hrubý
11b 1,50 intacted(new windbreak) restored 1997 Hrubý
11c 2,33 intacted (new windbreak) restored 1997 Hrubý
11d 3,03 intacted (old windbreak) restored 1997 Hrubý
11e 1,58 intacted restored 1997 Hrubý
11f 3,87
intacted(recent
windbreak) restored 1997 Hrubý
12 3,58 intacted restored 2004 Veska
13 4,07 partly logged 60's restored 2006 Kolář-Šebesta
14 3,31 intacted restored 2005 Veska
65,8 Total Area of all Prof.Zlatník's elaborated investigation plots
47,8 Total area of restored investigation plots
Table 3 shows development of basic dendrometric characteristics in all restored stands:
numbers of live trees with DBH>3cm, basal area and woody biomass (dendromass) of live
trees (all parameters converted to hectare). All above mentioned characteristics exhibited on
the average of all 13 plots/sub-compartments shows a decrease in absolute values of all
parameters. Greatest changes were observed in the number of trees per hectare ­ av. decrease
by 15%. Nevertheless, the most stable parameter is live dendromass, which decreased on
average of all plots only by 2 insignificant percent. Most oscillating in the assessment of
development of the respective plots were dendromass volume values on research plots with a
significant share of conifers, and on the other hand, plots with dominant beech succeeded
Table 2 Prof.Zlatník's Plot Tree Species Composition Development
Region Plot Area
Former tree
composition Actual tree composition
(Group) number ha Korsuň (1938) (% according basal area)
Stuzhitsa 1 1,65 B, M , F
2 4,67
F56 B42 M1 (E)
planted S allochtone
3a 1,79 B82 M14 F4 B80 M18 (F,nM)
3b 3,95 B80 M19 F1 B78 M22 /-F1935/
3c 0,87 B91 M9 elfin forest B (M)
3d 0,60 B61 M39 dwarf B M
4 6,58 B94 F5 (M,E,Hz) B /even-age/after clearcut
Yavornik 5a 5,06 B94 F3 H2 E1(Hz) B M F disturbed
5b 3,09 B69 F31 (M,Hz) B76 F24 (M,H,Ch,Hz,L,E)
6 6,83 B 99 M 1 B 98 M 2 (nM)
7 6,05 B84 F16 (E) B99 F1 (M,E,W,Bi)
Pop Ivan 11a 1,38 S100 (B,A) S100 (B,A)
11b 1,50 S100 (R,B,A,F) S100 (R,B,A,F)
11c 2,33 S98 B1 M1 (R,F) S96 B3 F1 (R,M)
11d 3,03 S65B22F12M1(R,Bi,W) S51 B36 F13 (M,R,Bi,W)
11e 1,58 B64 S29 M5 F2 B59 S33 M5 F3
11f 3,87 F39B38S22M1(R,E,W) B49 F39 S11 M1 (R,E,W)
12 3,58 B57 F27 S13 M3 (Bi) B56 F24 S11 M2 (R,E,W,Bi)
13 4,07 S44F43B9M4(R,E,W,nM) F35S32B24M8(R,E,W,nM,Y)
14 3,31 S100 (F,B,M) S95 B3 F2 (R,M,sW,Bi)
Former data from Stuzhica and Yavornik region-1932 ( ) minor admixture
Former data from Pop Ivan region-1934 bold more than 25% share
Actual data repetition years see Table1
Tree names follows MITCHELL, WILKINSON(1988)
Legend: Beech B Fagus sylvatica
Norway Spruce S Picea abies
Silver Fir F Abies alba
Sycamore Maple M Acer pseudoplatanus
norway Maple nM Acer platanoides only on plots 6,13
Silver Birch Bi Betula pendula
Goat Willow W Salix caprea
Silesian Willow sW Salix silesiaca only newly appears 2006 on pl. 14
Rowan(Mount.ash) R Sorbus aucuparia
Green Alder A Alnus viridis only on pl. 11a, 11b
Yew Y Taxus baccata only newly appears 2005 on plot 13
Hornbeam H Carpinus betulus only on plot 5
Common Lime L Tilia cordata only newly appears 2002 on plot5b
Wych Elm E Ulmus glabra plots 1&2,4,5,7,11f,13
Hazel Hz Corylus avellana plots 4,5
Sour Cherry Ch Cerasus avium only newly appears 2002 on plot 5b
after more than a sixty year (on Plot 3 even 75-year) repetition in utilizing very well and
relatively quickly the potential given by site conditions.
60-75 years later, eight research plots were fully restored in the natural forests of
Eastern Carpathians according to the original methodology, each sized 1.5-6 ha, containing 13
homogeneous stands (subcompartments). These 8 restored research plots on a total area of
47.8 ha represent 73% of the size of research plots published in ZLATNÍK et al. (1938). As to
the developmental dynamics, we can divide the plots into two groups: 1) forest stands with
the beech as a predominant tree species, and 2) forest stands with the predominant spruce or
fir.
In the first group, none of stands with the prevailing beech showed extensive natural
disturbances during 63-75 years. All investigated stands with the predominant beech exhibited
either an increased dendromass of live trees or its insignificant decrease. In some cases, the
dendromass of live trees increased in spite of a slightly decreased basal area (e.g. in
subcompartment 5b). Changes in the species composition of these stands did not exceed 10%
in the individual tree species and usually ranged from 2-3%. All stands with the predominant
beech exhibit after 60-75 years the stability of constancy or high resistance type (sensu
MÍCHAL 1992 & 1992a).
In the second group of studied stands where the species composition was dominated
by conifers (namely spruce or fir), major natural disturbances occurred during 63-70 years in
all stands, which reflected in the species composition, spatial structure, and often also in
quantitative indicators such as tree numbers per hectare, basal area and dendromass volume of
live trees. All prevailingly coniferous stands (with an exception of subcompartment 11a where
secondary succession is likely taking place in the course of mountain meadow overgrowing)
showed the dendromass of live trees decreased by at least 10%. The lowest decrease of live
dendromass was recorded in subcompartment 11c (by 11%), where the number of trees
markedly increased (by 34%) thanks to advanced regeneration ­ apparently after a wind
disturbance. The representation of individual tree species changed in many cases by more
than 10%, too ­ e.g. on Plots 11d, 11f and 13. The prevailingly coniferous stands of natural
forests sized 1.5-4 ha were observed to exhibit a greater dynamics of changes in both the
composition and the volume of live dendromass and tree species representation. The type of
stability is in these stands mostly resilience with a wide amplitude (according to MÍCHAL
1992 & 1992a).
Significance of research on permanent plots for geobiocoenological typology
Characterizing plant communities of the Ukrainian Carpathians and their differentiation
in relation to habitat, A. Zlatník used in the 1930s a hierarchy of syntaxa in the sense of
phytocoenological schools, viz. alliance ­ association ­ subassociation. The last mentioned
lowest unit he also named "type" and specified its "variants", too. We can guess that this
classification of forest communities, only little informing of their abiotic environment, was
gradually becoming less and less satisfactory for his work (ZLATNÍK 1956 & 1960 & 1962).
In the course of following decennia, prof. Zlatník arrived at the geobiocoenological
typology. Landscape geobiocoenological typology dwells on the application of the theory of
geobiocoene type (ZLATNÍK 1976a). Geobiocoene type is a complex containing the natural
geobiocoenosis and all geobiocoenoses and geobiocoenoids descending from this natural
geobiocoenosis and changed to various degrees including developmental stages that can take
turns within a segment of certain permanent ecological conditions. Geobiocoenological
classification system in the concept of A. Zlatník consists of basic and collective
(superstructural) units. Basic units are groups of geobiocoene types (hereinafter STG);
collective units are vegetation tiers, trophic and hydric series (ZLATNÍK 1976b).
In the Ukrainian Carpathians, we can study some groups of geobiocoene types (STG),
which we study also in other regions of Central Europe, namely in the Carpathian parts of
Czech Republic and Slovakia. However, some extensive remainders of natural forests
preserved in Transcarpathia have no analogy in other regions of Central Europe. Therefore,
the restored research plots of prof. Zlatník serve to compare the most diverse geographic
variants of similar forest communities.
In the below presented list, vegetation units (ZLATNÍK 1938) are converted to STG
(ZLATNÍK 1976b) as it followed out from repetitive phytocoenological surveys on the
restored Zlatník plots in 1996-2007 (with the occurrence on repeated research traverses in
brackets).
I. Flysh zone (sediment rocks) - Stuzhitsa and Yavornik regions
Alliance Fagion sylvaticae
1. as. Fagus sylvatica ­ Dentaria bulbifera (Yavornik 5b,6,7)
= STG: 4-5 B 3 Fageta paupera inferiora et superiora
2. as. Fagus sylvatica ­ Abies alba ­ (Picea excelsa) ­ Rubus hirtus ­ Asperula odorata
Type Rubus hirtus (Yavornik 6)
= STG: 5 B 3 Abieti-fageta typica
Type Asperula odorata (Yavornik 6)
= STG: 5 B 3 Abieti-fageta typica
Type Mercurialis perennis (Yavornik 6)
= STG: 5 BC 3 Aceri-fageta inferiora
Type Impatiens noli-tangere (Yavornik 6)
= STG: 5 BC 3 Aceri-fageta inferiora
3. as. Fagus sylvatica ­ Acer pseudoplatanus ­ Athyrium ­ Symphytum cordatum
Type Filices ­ Symphytum cordatum (Stuzhitsa 3)
= STG: Lower elevations of 5 B 3 Abieti-fageta typica
Higher elevations of 6 B 3 Abieti-fageta piceae typica
Highest elevations with retarded growth (clearly manifested summit
phenomenon) 6 B 2 Fageta subhumilia
variants with Rumex arifolius and Sedum carpaticum (Stuzhitsa 3)
= STG: Lower elevations of 5 C 3 Fagi-acereta inferiora
Higher elevations of 6 C 3 Fagi-acereta superiora
Highest elevations with retarded growth (clearly manifested summit
phenomenon) 6 C 2 Fagi-acereta subhumilia
II. Schist zone (metamorphosed rocks) - Pop Ivan region
1. as. Fagus sylvatica ­ Abies alba ­ (Picea excelsa) ­ Rubus hirtus ­ Asperula odorata
Type Asperula odorata + variant with Lamium luteum (Pop Ivan 11 f, 12)
= STG: 6 B 3 Abieti-fageta piceae typica
Type Mercurialis perennis (Pop Ivan 11 f, 12)
= STG: 6 BC 3 Aceri-fageta superiora
2. as. Fagus sylvatica ­ Acer pseudopatanus ­ Athyrium - Symphytum cordatum
Type Filices ­ Symphytum cordatum (Pop Ivan 11 e)
= STG: 6 B 3 Abieti-fageta piceae typica
Alliance Piceion excelsae
1. as. Fagus sylvatica ­ Picea excelsa ­ Calamagrostis arundinacea
Type Lonicera - Spiraea ulmifolia (Pop Ivan 13)
= STG: 6 BC-BD 3 Aceri-fageta superiora ­ Abieti- fageta ulmi superiora
Note: This is an exceptional community that is likely to have no analogy in the territory
of the former Czechoslovakia. It would definitely deserve a special name to point out that
Picea excelsa reaches exceptional size here.
Type Calamagrostis arundinacea (Pop Ivan 11 d, 12)
= STG: 6 AB 3 Abieti-fageta piceae
2.as. Picea excelsa ­ Vaccinium myrtillus ­ Luzula sylvatica
Type Luzula sylvatica (Pop Ivan 11 b, c, d, 14)
= STG 7 AB 3 Sorbi aucupariae-piceeta
Type Myrtillus ­ Musci (Pop Ivan 14)
= STG : 7 A 3 Piceeta sorbina, on the lower boundary transition to 6 A 3 Fageta
abietino-piceosa
Subassociation Myrtillus ­ Festuca picta (Pop Ivan 11 a)
= STG: 7 A 3 Piceeta sorbina
It follows from the above list that associations occurring on the restored Zlatník plots are
those of Vegetation Tiers 4 Beech, 5 Fir-Beech, 6 Spruce-Fir-Beech and 7 Spruce, and of
nearly all trophic series and intermediate series (A, AB, B, BC, BD and C). Of hydric
categories, represented is only the normal hydric series (3) with singular transitions to the
water-logged hydric series (4) and to the restrained hydric series (2), in which prof. Zlatník
classified also communities with the pronounced manifestation of summit phenomenon. There
are 15 groups of geobiocoene types differentiated on the restored plots (sensu ZLATNÍK
1976b) as follows:
4 B 3 : Fageta paupera inferiora (Yavornik 5b,7)
5 B 3 : Abieti-fageta typica (part Fageta paupera superior) (Stuzhitsa3;Yavornik6)
5 BC 3: Aceri ­ fageta inferiora (Yavornik 6)
5 C 3 : Fagi ­ acereta inferiora (Stuzhitsa 3; Yavornik 6)
6 A 3 : Fageta abietino-piceosa
6AB 3: Abieti- fageta piceae (Pop Ivan 11 d, 12)
6 B 2 : Fageta subhumilia (Stuzhitsa 3d)
6 B 3: Abieti-fageta piceae typical (Stuzhitsa3;Yavornik6; P.Ivan 11e, f, 12)
6 BC 3: Aceri ­ fageta superiora (Pop Ivan 11 f, 12)
6 BC-BD 3: Aceri-fageta ­ Abieti-fageta ulmi superiora (Pop Ivan 13)
6 C 2: Fagi ­ acereta subhumilia (Stuzhitsa 3d)
6 C 3: Fagi-acereta superiora (Stuzhitsa 3)
7 A 3 : Piceeta sorbina (Pop Ivan 11 a,14)
7 AB 3: Sorbi aucupariae-piceeta (Pop Ivan 11 b, c, d, 14)
Predominant STGs on the respective research plots are summarised in Table 3 and
example of geobiocoenosis mapping are displayed in map Table 4.
We can generally speak of a very representative collection of specimens of the middlemountain
to alpine groups of geobiocoene types, mostly in natural condition that cannot be
found elsewhere in mountains of the biogeographic province of Central European broadleaved
forests.
Significance of results for the creation of ecological network
Forest geobiocoenoses with a relatively high ecological stability are important parts of
ecological network. The conception of territorial systems formation in the Czech Republic
links up with the European trend of setting-up an ecological network within the European
Ecological Network programme of the European Union (BENNET 1994, ROZEMAIJER
2007). Landscape ecological data necessary for demarcation, design, establishment and
management of biocentres and biocorridors are summarized in the methodological procedure
of landscape biogeographic differentiation in the geobiocoenological conception (BUČEK,
LACINA, MÍCHAL 1996, BUČEK, MADĚRA, ÚRADNÍČEK 2007). The methodological
procedure issues from the theory of geobiocoene type (ZLATNÍK 1976), which is based on a
hypothesis about the unity of natural and anthropogenically modified communities within a
segment of certain permanent ecological conditions. The very first step for this procedure is
geobiocoenological typification of landscape, which enables to create a model of the natural
(potential) state of geobiocoenoses in the landscape. These pieces of knowledge have to be
complemented and the hypothesis verified by necessary targeted research focused on the
assessment of forest geobiocoenosis development and changes. The landscape
geobiocoenological typology is widely utilized in the Czech Republic (BUČEK, LACINA
2007) and the first example of its use is available also from the territory of the Ukrainian
Eastern Carpathians (HOLUŠA, FRIEDL 2008).
Repeated studies on permanent research plots and research traverses established in the
past are of essential importance for gaining knowledge about the changes and developmental
trends of forest geobiocoenoses. The research results will contribute to the testing of spatial,
temporal and structural parameters used for projecting the territorial systems of landscape
ecological stability (BUČEK, LACINA 1996) today. The knowledge will be used in the
management of forest reserves and other structural elements of ecological network in the
landscape. Very important is to precise concepts about the target condition of forest
geobiocoenoses in biocentres and biocorridors, which has to be based on the knowledge of the
long-term dynamics of forest communities (BUČEK, JELÍNEK 2006). The long-term
research of forest geobiocoenoses is also important in the verification of hypothesis about a
possible impact of climate changes on ecosystems and landscapes.
Conclusion
The life's credo of prof. A. Zlatník read as follows: "research of nature is impossible
without conservation". It was in the Ukrainian Carpathians where he began to develop at full
the life concept of his as early as in 1926. Already in 1927, he submitted the first proposal for
reserves in the territory of today's Transcarpathia, which he five years later published in
extended and more precised form (ZLATNÍK, HILITZER 1932). In the proposed reserves, he
situated a grid of permanent research plots intended for the long-term research of changes in
natural forests.
Sustainability of Transcarpathian natural forests, which are of extremely high
significance on a European scale, is assured by conservation within the framework of the
global network of biosphere reserves. Our repetitive research on the plots established by prof.
A. Zlatník is possible only thanks to excellent cooperation with the Carpathian Biosphere
Reserve Administration and with the Uzhanski National Nature Park Administration, which is
a part of the Eastern Carpathians International Biosphere Reserve. Thus, we endeavour with
our colleagues to accomplish the legacy of prof. Alois Zlatník.
Note: The paper was prepared within the framework of research project MSM
6215648902-04-1 at the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University of
Agriculture and Forestry Brno
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