Epistemic norms & mitigating circumstances This project involves 2 parts. Part 1: Supplementary Interview. To be done before main experiment if possible, and using different subjects. The aim of the supplementary interview is for researchers to verify local beliefs about: · How to treat rashes and medicinal uses of seeds · Dreams as giving insights into future events Part 2: Main Experiment Basic Structure: Subjects will be presented with 3 vignettes, followed by a series of questions. The vignettes differ in the second paragraph, and in the endings of the third paragraph. We want to counterbalance the order of presentation of the vignettes, and the endings. Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Vig 1 A B C Vig 2 B C A Vig 3 C A B Since there are 3 Vignettes with 3 possible endings (labeled A, B & C. ), there are a total of 9 different vignette versions. We have separated these into three “Interview Sets” (numbered 1, 2 & 3), each of which consists of the 3 Vignettes paired with the endings specified in the chart to the right. Each subject is interviewed using one of these sets; each set should be used for 1/3 of the subjects. In addition, for each subject, the order of the Vignettes must be randomized. So, for example, while one third of subjects will be interviewed with material from Set 1, the order in which they hear the 3 Vignettes in Set 1 will vary randomly. One easy way to accomplish this is to place the 3 Vignettes in a basket and draw them out one at a time prior to each interview. The sets should be cycled through in an approximately balanced fashion, so that the number of completed for Set 1, 2 and 3 remains about equal (don’t do all Set 1, then all Set, etc.) The sample goal is 75 randomly sampled adults, with 25 for each Interview Set. If possible, get 99 adults total (33 for each Interview Set). It will be the ethnographer’s job to finalize the three interview sets provided. First, common names should be inserted for A, B, etc. in the stories. Then, the entire document must be translated and back-translated, iteratively, until a final version is created. For your convenience, we have appended English versions of all three Interview Sets. The materials here may initially look long and complicated, but this is only because we have instantiated all the variations. For translation purposes, you only need to have one set translated, apart from the alternative endings to the last sentence, plus one set of questions from the answer sheets (see translation materials at the end). For ALL vignettes in ALL sets in the Main Experiment, use the scale on page 2. Guide to what follows Section 1 below (p 3) contains the supplementary interview materials. This is followed by materials for the 3 interview sets and answer sheets (the question order in the answer sheets is also partially randomized across the vignettes and sets). At the end is a set of materials to get translated. To generate a set of materials like the English version here, you just need to attend to the chart above specifying the endings for each vignette in each Set, and the order of the questions on page 2 of the answer sheets (there is a different question order for each Interview Set). Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. 1. Supplementary Interviews Here are 10 opened ended questions for 10 key informants. This should be well before or well after the main EP instrument is done. Preferably, this should use different subjects, but that may not be possible. If the interview is done before the main EP instrument and answers to (4-d) indicate that brown seeds are dangerous, change the color of the seeds used in the EP instrument to some other color which is not dangerous. Introductory instructions: I would like to ask you ten questions about medicines, health conditions, and dreams. This should take only 20 minutes. Would you be willing to answer these questions? If you don’t want to answer a certain question, no problem. We can skip it and move to the next one. You can drop out at any time. Okay? Questions: 1) What would you do if you had a strange skin rash? 2) Who would you seek advice from [about the rash]? 3) What kinds of medicines do people here use to treat skin rashes? 4) Do people ever use seeds gathered in the forest for treating skin rashes? a. If so, how are those seeds prepared? b. Can they be boiled? c. What color are the seeds? d. Are some seeds dangerous to eat? [If the answer is YES, ask: What color are the dangerous seeds?] 5) Are seeds from the forest used to treat any medical problems here? a. If so, what problems? b. What color are they (the seeds)? c. How are they prepared? 6) Are seeds used for anything else here? 7) Why do people dream? 8) Can people sometimes see the future in dreams? 9) Can people sometimes learn things unknown to others in dreams? 10) Could a person learn about a cure to a disease in a dream? Interview Set 1 The vignettes in Interview Set 1 differs from Interview Sets 2 & 3 only in the endings of the vignettes (last sentence of each vignette). 1/3 of subjects should get this Interview Set. And the order of the vignettes should be randomized across subjects who get this Interview Set. Introductory instructions: Today I would like to read you 3 different stories and ask you some question about those stories. Would you mind listening to some stories and answering some questions? It should take about 35 minutes. Remember, you don’t have to continue if you do not want to, and can stop me at any time. If you don’t want to answer a particular question, that’s no problem. You can skip as many questions as you want to. Is this okay? May I begin? [SET 1] Vignette 1: Strong Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Strong evidence version] Recently, when ____________(B) was visiting a another nearby village, he mentioned A’s rash to a man from this village. The man said that his friend _________(C) had a similar rash and was advised to treat it by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them, and then drinking the liquid. Just then, __________’s (C’s) brother, ___________(D) approached them. He was returning from the forest with a bag full of the brown seeds. B asked if he could come along with ______________D to observe the treatment. _______________D said he was most welcome. When they got to ___________(C)’s house, ________(B) saw that _________(C) did indeed have a rash that looked just like _____________’s (A’s). ______ (D) put the brown seeds in a pot and put the pot on the fire. However, there was also another pot on the fire in which ______________’s (C’s) wife had put some black seeds provided by a local woman. After boiling them, ____________(D) took a pot off the fire and gave the liquid to _______________(C) to drink. Though no one realized it, the pot that ____________(D) took was the one in which the black seeds had been boiled, not the one in which the brown seeds had been boiled. Within an hour, the rash started to disappear. When ______________(B) came back in the evening, ______________________’s (C’s) rash had disappeared entirely. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment had no effect at all. Name_________________________ID________________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 1*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds did the man in the nearby village recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) T3 What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 3 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 4 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 8 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 9 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash [SET 1] Vignette 2: Weak Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Weak evidence version] Recently, when B was visiting a village near his, he mentioned ________A’s rash to a boy in the village. The boy said that he had heard that a rash could be treated by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment actually made his rash much worse. Name___________________ID________________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 1*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds did the boy in the nearby village recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) [DEL: T3 :DEL] [DEL: What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 3 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 4 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 8 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 9 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash [SET 1] Vignette 3: Dream [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Dream version] Recently, when B was visiting a village near his, he had a dream in which someone with a rash like ______________A’s was cured by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment cured the rash. Name_____________________ID______________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 1*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds were used in the dream to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) [DEL: T3 :DEL] [DEL: What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 3 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 4 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 8 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 9 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash Interview Set 2 The vignettes in Interview Set 2 differs from Interview Sets 1 & 3 only in the endings of the vignettes (last sentence of each vignette). 1/3 of subjects should get this Interview Set. And the order of the vignettes should be randomized across subjects who get this Interview Set. Introductory instructions: Today I would like to read you 3 different stories and ask you some question about those stories. Would you mind listening to some stories and answering some questions? It should take about 35 minutes. Remember, you don’t have to continue if you do not want to, and can stop me at any time. If you don’t want to answer a particular question, that’s no problem. You can skip as many questions as you want to. Is this okay? May I begin? [SET 2] Vignette 1: Strong Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Strong evidence version] Recently, when ____________(B) was visiting a another nearby village, he mentioned A’s rash to a man from this village. The man said that his friend _________(C) had a similar rash and was advised to treat it by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them, and then drinking the liquid. Just then, __________’s (C’s) brother, ___________(D) approached them. He was returning from the forest with a bag full of the brown seeds. B asked if he could come along with ______________D to observe the treatment. _______________D said he was most welcome. When they got to ___________(C)’s house, ________(B) saw that _________(C) did indeed have a rash that looked just like _____________’s (A’s). ______ (D) put the brown seeds in a pot and put the pot on the fire. However, there was also another pot on the fire in which ______________’s (C’s) wife had put some black seeds provided by a local woman. After boiling them, ____________(D) took a pot off the fire and gave the liquid to _______________(C) to drink. Though no one realized it, the pot that ____________(D) took was the one in which the black seeds had been boiled, not the one in which the brown seeds had been boiled. Within an hour, the rash started to disappear. When ______________(B) came back in the evening, ______________________’s (C’s) rash had disappeared entirely. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment actually made his rash much worse. Name_______________________ID____________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 2*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds did the man in the nearby village recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) T3 What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 3 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 4 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 8 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 9 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash [SET 2] Vignette 2: Weak Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Weak evidence version] Recently, when _______(B) was visiting a village near his, he mentioned ________A’s rash to a boy in the village. The boy said that he had heard that a rash could be treated by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment cured the rash. Name___________________ID________________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 2*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds did the boy in the nearby village recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) [DEL: T3 :DEL] [DEL: What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 3 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 4 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 8 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 9 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash [SET 2] Vignette 3: Dream [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Dream version] Recently, when B was visiting a village near his, he had a dream in which someone with a rash like ______________A’s was cured by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment had no effect at all. Name_____________________ID______________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 2*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds were used in the dream to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) [DEL: T3 :DEL] [DEL: What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 3 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 4 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 8 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 9 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash Interview Set 3 The vignettes in Interview Set 1 differs from Interview Sets 1 & 2 only in the endings of the vignettes (last sentence of each vignette). 1/3 of subjects should get this Interview Set. And the order of the vignettes should be randomized across subjects who get this Interview Set. Introductory instructions: Today I would like to read you 3 different stories and ask you some question about those stories. Would you mind listening to some stories and answering some questions? It should take about 35 minutes. Remember, you don’t have to continue if you do not want to, and can stop me at any time. If you don’t want to answer a particular question, that’s no problem. You can skip as many questions as you want to. Is this okay? May I begin? [SET 3] Vignette 1: Strong Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Strong evidence version] Recently, when ____________(B) was visiting a another nearby village, he mentioned A’s rash to a man from this village. The man said that his friend _________(C) had a similar rash and was advised to treat it by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them, and then drinking the liquid. Just then, __________’s (C’s) brother, ___________(D) approached them. He was returning from the forest with a bag full of the brown seeds. B asked if he could come along with ______________D to observe the treatment. _______________D said he was most welcome. When they got to ___________(C)’s house, ________(B) saw that _________(C) did indeed have a rash that looked just like _____________’s (A’s). ______ (D) put the brown seeds in a pot and put the pot on the fire. However, there was also another pot on the fire in which ______________’s (C’s) wife had put some black seeds provided by a local woman. After boiling them, ____________(D) took a pot off the fire and gave the liquid to _______________(C) to drink. Though no one realized it, the pot that ____________(D) took was the one in which the black seeds had been boiled, not the one in which the brown seeds had been boiled. Within an hour, the rash started to disappear. When ______________(B) came back in the evening, ______________________’s (C’s) rash had disappeared entirely. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment cured the rash. Name___________________ID________________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 3*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds did the man in the nearby village recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) [DEL: T3 :DEL] [DEL: What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 3 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 4 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 8 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 9 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash [SET 3] Vignette 2: Weak Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Weak evidence version] Recently, when B was visiting a village near his, he mentioned ________A’s rash to a boy in the village. The boy said that he had heard that a rash could be treated by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment had no effect at all. Name________________________ID_____________Date_________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 3*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds did the boy in the nearby village recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) [DEL: T3 :DEL] [DEL: What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 3 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 4 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 8 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 9 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash [SET 3] Vignette 3: Dream [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Dream version] Recently, when B was visiting a village near his, he had a dream in which someone with a rash like ______________A’s was cured by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment actually made his rash much worse. Name______________________ID_____________Date___________RA initials______ Vignette Order: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 (circle order used for this subject) Epistemic norms answer sheet [set 3*] Quiz questions here to verify comprehension of key facts? Mark “1” for correct, and 0 for incorrect in columns. Use 1.C for first round, 2.C after second reading, etc. # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 What color seeds were used in the dream to make the medicine? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) [DEL: T3 :DEL] [DEL: What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] [DEL: :DEL] T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). After asking all five questions: if any questions are missed give the correct answer, and re-read the story until the person gets 5 out of 5 correct. Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. For each question below, the RA should read the question, then, pointing at the line say: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. RA, write coding from 1 to 9 (1 = strongly agree; 9 = strongly disagree). See agreement line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 3 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 4 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 8 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 9 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash Materials for Translation Part I Supplementary Interviews Here are 10 opened ended questions for 10 key informants. This should be well before or well after the main EP instrument is done. Preferably, this should use different subjects, but that may not be possible. If the interview is done before the main EP instrument and answers to (4-d) indicate that brown seeds are dangerous, change the color of the seeds used in the EP instrument to some other color which is not dangerous. Introductory instructions: I would like to ask you ten questions about medicines, health conditions, and dreams. This should take only 20 minutes. Would you be willing to answer these questions? If you don’t want to answer a certain question, no problem. We can skip it and move to the next one. You can drop out at any time. Okay? Questions: 1) What would you do if you had a strange skin rash? 2) Who would you seek advice from [about the rash]? 3) What kinds of medicines do people here use to treat skin rashes? 4) Do people ever use seeds gathered in the forest for treating skin rashes? a. If so, how are those seeds prepared? b. Can they be boiled? c. What color are the seeds? d. Are some seeds dangerous to eat? [If the answer is YES, ask: What color are the dangerous seeds?] 5) Are seeds from the forest used to treat any medical problems here? a. If so, what problems? b. What color are they (the seeds)? c. How are they prepared? 6) Are seeds used for anything else here? 7) Why do people dream? 8) Can people sometimes see the future in dreams? 9) Can people sometimes learn things unknown to others in dreams? 10) Could a person learn about a cure to a disease in a dream? Part II Today I would like to read you 3 different stories and ask you some question about those stories. Would you mind listening to some stories and answering some questions? It should take about 35 minutes. Remember, you don’t have to continue if you do not want to, and can stop me at any time. If you don’t want to answer a particular question, that’s no problem. You can skip as many questions as you want to. Is this okay? May I begin? Vignette 1: Strong Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Strong evidence version] Recently, when ____________(B) was visiting a another nearby village, he mentioned A’s rash to a man from this village. The man said that his friend _________(C) had a similar rash and was advised to treat it by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them, and then drinking the liquid. Just then, __________’s (C’s) brother, ___________(D) approached them. He was returning from the forest with a bag full of the brown seeds. B asked if he could come along with ______________D to observe the treatment. _______________D said he was most welcome. When they got to ___________(C)’s house, ________(B) saw that _________(C) did indeed have a rash that looked just like _____________’s (A’s). ______ (D) put the brown seeds in a pot and put the pot on the fire. However, there was also another pot on the fire in which ______________’s (C’s) wife had put some black seeds provided by a local woman. After boiling them, ____________(D) took a pot off the fire and gave the liquid to _______________(C) to drink. Though no one realized it, the pot that ____________(D) took was the one in which the black seeds had been boiled, not the one in which the brown seeds had been boiled. Within an hour, the rash started to disappear. When ______________(B) came back in the evening, ______________________’s (C’s) rash had disappeared entirely. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment_____ Ending A: had no effect at all Ending B: actually made his rash much worse Ending C: cured the rash Vignette 2: Weak Evidence [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Weak evidence version] Recently, when B was visiting a village near his, he mentioned ________A’s rash to a boy in the village. The boy said that he had heard that a rash could be treated by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment_____ Ending A: had no effect at all Ending B: actually made his rash much worse Ending C: cured the rash Vignette 3: Dream [Paragraph 1] ___________(A, use common name) and ___________(B, use common name) are neighbors in a village near here. For the last three weeks _______(A) has been suffering from a serious rash that covers much of his body. The rash is very uncomfortable. It makes it difficult for __________(A) to leave his house and he has trouble sleeping. He has gone to the ______________(medical person, insert local term for biomedical person) in __________(local place), who gave him some ointment, but it did not help at all. [Paragraph 2 – Dream version] Recently, when B was visiting a village near his, he had a dream in which someone with a rash like ______________A’s was cured by getting some of the brown seeds that could be found in the nearby forest, emptying their contents into boiling water, boiling them and then drinking the liquid. [Paragraph 3] On his way back to his own village, ____________(B) collected some of the brown seeds in the forest. When he got home, he told _____________(A) that his rash could be cured by drinking water in which the brown seeds had been boiled. __________________(A) boiled them and drank the liquid. This treatment_____ Ending A: had no effect at all Ending B: actually made his rash much worse Ending C: cured the rash # Quiz Questions 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C T1 Vig1: What color seeds did the man recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) Vig 2: What color seeds did the man recommend using to make the medicine? (brown) Vig 3: What color seeds were used in the dream? (brown) T2 How were those seeds supposed to be prepared? (boiled and broth drank) T3 What color were the seeds used to make the broth that actually cured __________ C? (black) T4 What color seeds did _________B give ___________A to cure his rash? (brown) T5 What happened to _____________A’s rash when he drank the broth made from the brown seeds? (depends on version). Here are some statements regarding the story you just heard (if app: not the previous ones). Using this line here please tell me if you strongly agree, somewhat agree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with each of these statements about the story [RA point to the strongly agree, etc. to illustrate line]. Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. # Questions Response (1 to 9) 1 ______________(B) believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 2 It was a good thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 3 People will be angry with B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 4 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be improving for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. 5 ____________(B) had good reason to believe that the seeds he gathered would cure ___________(A’s) rash. 6 Suppose you were having serious headaches and nothing you had tried stopped your headaches. Suppose ____B then tells you about a tea made from a certain herb he says will cure the headaches, you would drink the tea. Why? 7 It was a bad thing for B to tell A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 8 People will be proud of B for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure A’s rash. 9 _____________B’s reputation with others in the village will be damaged for telling ____________(A) that the brown seeds will cure his rash. Why? 10 _______________(B) should be punished for telling A that the seeds he gathered would cure __________________(A’s) rash. Why? 11 If subject scored from 1 to 3 on question 1, ask: ___________B should not have believed that the seeds he gathered would cure ______________A’s rash Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with this question by pointing to the line. ________________________________ * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 2 and set 3 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 2 and set 3 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 2 and set 3 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 1 and set 3 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 1 and set 3 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 1 and set 3 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 1 and set 2 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 1 and set 2 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet. * This answer sheet differs from the answer sheet for set 1 and set 2 only in the order of questions on page 2 of the answer sheet.