Privatization and innovation: evidence from
the airport industry
University of Auckland, Antje FiedlerUniversity of Auckland, Antje Fiedler
OverviewOverview
• Introduction
• Clarification of key terms
• Theoretical framework
• Selected cases
• Q & A
Why do governments privatize?Why do governments privatize?
Enhance allocative & productive efficiency
Incentives for cost & quality innovation
Privatization includes:
• Deregulation (opening markets to competition)
market & institutional environment
• Transfer of state-owned assets to the private sector
property-rights
Institutional and market environmentInstitutional and market environment
Institutions
• Institutions are formal and informal rules that influence, enable
or constrain human behaviour (North, 2005)
• Created by human agency
• Incentive structure of society incentives for innovation
Market environment
• According to Baumol (2002): market mechanism is the key to
economic welfare
• Institutions foster free-market pressure (competition)
force firms to innovate
Institutional actorsInstitutional actors
Organizational level:
• Organizations are understood as institutions
• Different stakeholders’ exercise strategic choice
Level of society:
• Organizations respond to the market & institutional
environments
• Organizations can exercise strategic choice
Organizational change & innovationOrganizational change & innovation
Institutional
Actor
Individual level
Organizational level
Industry level
Societal level
Competition
&
Regulation
Employee Managers Owners
Corporate
Governance
system
Institutional
Actor
Organizational
change & innovative
behaviour
Innovativeness
of
industry
Innovative
Capacity
Macro
Micro
Ramamurti (2000) also developed “A multi-level model of privatization”
The organizational level: organizational
change
• When institutional change is introduced (privatization), it is
likely that the affected companies have to adapt to the new
environment (Johnson, Smith & Codling, 2000; Greenwood
and Hinings, 1993).
• Companies have individual freedom to choose between actions
in relation to their institutional environment (Child, 1972).
• Decisions about organizational change depend on the
perception as to which choice benefits in the future. This
perception is influenced by the incentives that the institutional
framework provides (North, 2005).
• The strategic choice of organizations may, in turn, impact on
the institutional environment (Aldrich & Ruef, 2006).
The industry level: competition & regulation
• A competitive environment is very important in promoting the
creation of innovation (Baumol, 2005). Van Slyke (2003)
argues that improved efficiency in the context of privatization
will only occur when competition has been introduced
successfully.
• There is consensus that competition at the industry level
benefits the outcome of privatization (Kay & Thompson, 1986;
Dunsire et al. 1991; Vickers & Yarrow, 1991; Bishop &
Thompson, 1992).
• In monopolistic industries, competition may be impractical and
a form of regulation is required (Kay, Mayer & Thompson,
1986). In this case, the performance is largely determined by
the degree of monopoly power and the form of regulation
(Forsyth, 1984).
The society-level: corporate governance
systems (CGS)
• “The governance of the corporation is now as important in the
world economy as the governance of countries” (Wolfensohn
1998, p. 38).
• The CGS determines the nature of competition at the input
markets (labour, manager, capital).
• Researchers have explored how the CGS of a country affects
the types of innovations created by organizations (Hall &
Soskice, 2003).
• Some authors have stressed that the CGS plays a crucial role
in the success of privatization (Dyck, 2001; Shleifer & Vishny,
1997).
• Both the level of competition and the CGS significantly affect
companies innovative activities (Pavitt & Patel, 1999).
Aim of this study:Aim of this study:
• There is little knowledge as to how different corporate
governance systems and competition have affected
innovation after privatization.
• Privatization provides fertile ground for researching
how different corporate governance systems influence
on organizational change and innovativeness.
Research question:
• How do national systems of corporate governance
and different competitive environments influence
innovation in the context of privatization?
Industry of interest:Industry of interest:
• The Airport industry
• During the last decade airports have developed from
government-owned entities to sophisticated
commercially-oriented enterprise (“airport cities”)
Case Study- approach: Where?
• New Zealand, UK (LME’s: corporate governance)
• Germany (CME’s: corporate governance)
LME (NZ, UK) CME (Germany)
Employment
relations & Human
capital (HC)
Voluntary basis
HC general, (exit)
Co-determination by law
HC firm-specific,
(voice)
Financial system Market-based (exit)
Market for corporate
control (high disclosure)
Dispersed shareholdings
by portfolio investors
Bank-based (voice) by
large shareholders
(insider information)
Concentrated ownership
by strategic investors
Top management Single board dominated
by CEO
Dual board
Multiple power
Corporate goal Shareholder value &
short term
Multiple & long term
Corporate strategy
from a deterministic
perspective
“big leaps” & radical
innovation
“small steps” &
incremental innovation
Airport Competition in New ZealandAirport Competition in New Zealand
By Car: Auckland to
• Wellington: 9hrs 20mins
• Christchurch:14hrs 20mins
(plus ferry crossing* from
Wellington to Picton)
By Train: Auckland to
• Wellington: 12hrs (Overlander)
•• Competition between Hubs (transit)Competition between Hubs (transit)
•• Frankfurt ca. 53% (2006)Frankfurt ca. 53% (2006)
•• London Heathrow ca.London Heathrow ca. 35 % (2004)
Competition between airports & otherCompetition between airports & other
modes of transportmodes of transport
•• By train (speed ca. 300km/h)By train (speed ca. 300km/h)
•• FrankfurtFrankfurt--Cologne ca. 1h16min.Cologne ca. 1h16min.
•• FrankfurtFrankfurt--Paris (1h20min flight;Paris (1h20min flight;
4h03 Min train)4h03 Min train)
Airport Competition in GermanyAirport Competition in Germany
Selected casesSelected cases
Hamburg airport?
Fraport AG
London Heathrow
Wellington International
Auckland International
Industry
Monopolistic Competitive
CME
LME
Thank you.Thank you.
Thank you.Thank you.
Multiple Case studyMultiple Case study--approachapproach
Why qualitative research methods?
• “an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon
within its real-life context” (Yin, 2003, p. 13)
• Allows to choose deliberately cases which have certain
characteristics in order to understand a phenomenon better, and
perhaps to build theory from it (Stake, 2000)
Why not deductive?
Börsch (2004 p. 609) claimed that institutional analysis should be
complemented by firm-level analyses because:
“A stronger actor-centred approach focusing on firms as actors in
their own right may be able to capture better the dynamics of
corporate governance, and analyse how institutions and firm
strategies interact…”
Methods and data analysisMethods and data analysis
Documents
• archival data (internal and external documents)
• (NVivo7)
Interviews
• semi-structured interviews, open-ended questions
• interview covers areas such as:
- the company’s strategic reorientation
- organizational change
- the company’s learning experience
- key stakeholders
Timeline of the Research
In the second year Milestones
- Write Chapter 3 - Presentation of first results
- Data collection - Submit Chapter 3
- Data analysis - Submit Case Study 1
- Write Case study 1
In the third year
- Write Case study 3, 4, 5 - Submit Case Study 2-5
- Write chapter 6 - Submit Thesis
- Finalize PhD