310 Linda R. Waugh \ example, it is evident that in the relation "persons of opposite sex living together and not married" versus "persons of opposite sex living together I and married", the mark associated with the first term is changing. For an older member of our community it may carry one mark (namely 'living in ' sin') while for some younger members it may carry another mark ('rejection of marriage as an institution", 'irrelevance of marriage', or'trial j run"). The markedness relation between the two choices is the same, but the opposition itself, since it is defined by the mark, may indeed be changing. It remains to be seen if the markedness relation itself may í actually be reversed over time. » In fact, reversals of markedness are possible not only over time, but also i across cultures or, more interestingly, within one culture. Markedness values are always context-sensitive, where the context may be a given culture (and so the markedness of a given opposition may be different ' J from one culture to another) or a given subpart of the culture (in which ' case there is a reversal of markedness within a culture). (See my remarks j above on the markedness reversal for the perfective ~ imperfective in ' Russian.) In our culture, for example, in the "female" ~"male" opposi- ( tion, "female" is marked when found in the context of a professor or doctor, but "male" is marked when found in the context of a nurse or a secretary. The "wearing of clothes'" on social occasions is unmarked, \ whereas the "wearing of clothes" in a nudist colony or in the shower is marked. "Speaking in a normal tone of voice" is unmarked except in such special circumstances as in a library, in a church, etc., where it becomes marked. The "having of children" is unmarked in the situation of a i marriage but is marked in the situation of being single. It is, then, an abstraction to say, for example, that "fertility" is unmarked while I "barrenness" is marked in a given culture, for "barrenness" may, in some circumstances (say, for certain religious sects or for those in a culture who ■ are unmated for a variety of reasons) be unmarked. In what has preceded I and what will follow, markedness relations are understood as being relevant given particular contexts. An example from the Cornell University Staff Directory The potential for the unmarked term to have both a zero-interpretation and a minus-interpretation and the dynamic dialectic that creates in the system is one that may be (subliminally) played with and used effectively by the encoders and decoders of any given cultural system. A listing from the Staff Phone Directory of Cornell University provides a telling example, especially because interwoven here is linguistic and noniinguistic Marked and unmarked 311 culture — the decoding of the phone directory as well as the recognition of the marked and unmarked categories depends on one's knowing the multiplicity of intersecting codes (including codes peculiar to the Cornell community): Physical Education and Athletics, Department of Richard Schultz. Director of Athletics, Teagle Hall, 6-7265, 6- 7266 Harold G. Hall, Business Manager, Teagle Hall, 6-5220 Patrick J. Filley. Director of Operations, Teagle Hall, 6-7440 Al Gantert, Director of Men's Physical Education, Teagle Hail, 6-4286 Mrs. Martha Arnctt, Director of Women's Physical Education. Helen Newman Hail. 6-5134 Al Gantert, Director. Intramural Sports, Grumman Squash Courts. 6-2315 Athletic Public Affairs. Schoelkopf House, 6-3752 Baseball Office, Schoelkopf Hall, 64398 Basketball Office. Teagle Hall. 6- 7331 \ Bowling Office. Helen Newman Hall, 6-4200 Collyer Boat house. 6-4074 Doctor's Office. Schoelkopf Hall. 6-4237 Fencing Office. Teagle Hall, 6-2368 Football Office, Schoelkopf Hall, 6-4391, 6-4386 150-Lb. Football Office, Schoelkopf Hall, 6-3610 Golf Course. Warren Road. 6-3361 Gymnastics Office. Teagle Hall, 6-3953 Hockey Office, Lynah Rink, 6-3791 Intramural Office, Grumman Squash Courts, 6-2315 Lacrosse Office, Teagle Hall, 6-7332 Locker Room, Teagle Hall, 6-4157. Lynah Rink, 6-3793 Lynah Rink Skating Schedule, 6-2312 Moakley House, Warren Road, 6-4197 Oxley Polo Arena (Route 366) 6- 3625 Physical Education Office, Teagle Hall, 6-4286 Publicity, Schoelkopf House, 6-3752 Soccer Office, Barton Hall, 6-4615 Sports Information, Schoelkopf House, 6-3752 Squash Reservations, Teagle Hall, 6-4157 Stockroom. Schoelkopf Hall, 6-4115 Swimming Pool, Teagle Hall, 6-4065 Tennis Courts (Cascadilla), 6-3653 Ticket Office, Teagle Hall, 6-7333 Track Office, Schoelkopf Hall, 6- 3475 Wrestling Office, Teagle Hall, 6- 7307 Women's Physical Education, Helen Newman Hall Director, 6-5134 Main Office, 6-5133 Bowling, 6-4200 Dance Office, 6-2360 Issue Room, 6-4261 Swimming Office. 6-4151