Prologue Kenya - Student Debate 3 Energy Security & Environmental Studies Group International Relations & Energy Security Masarykova University - Brno By Francis Njoka – Kenya njokanaam@yahoo.com C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\Desktop\Glopo.bmp 15-03-2012 Contents => qGeography & Key Indicators qLand resource qAgricultural sector qEnergy sector qRenewable Energy qBiomass Energy qBiomass & Energy security qOther advantages of biomass energy qSustainability issues on biomass Geography & Key Indicators Latitude - 4o35’ N – 4o42’ S Longitude – 34o E – 41o51’ E Time zone - +3Hrs GMT Population – 40 million (2011 est.) Language – English/Kiswahili Local languages – 42 Religion – Christians (83%), Muslims (11.2%) Literacy - 85.1% (2010) Life expectancy – 59.5yrs (2011) Growth rate – 2.9% GDP (ppp) - $1,689 = €1.279 (2010) Inflation – 18.9% (2011) Poverty levels – 46.6% (2007) Energy per capita – 121kWh/yr. (2008) Land Resource Element km2 Million Ha % Total land area 582,650.0 88.2 100 Water mass 13,400.0 1.3 1.5 Landmass 569,250.0 86.9 98.5 Arable land (16%) 91,080.0 13.9 15.8 Farming (31%) 28,234.8 4.3 4.9 Grazing (30%) 27,324.0 4.2 4.7 Forests (22%) 20,037.6 3.1 *3.5 Game parks, urban centres, markets, homesteads, infrastructure (17%) 15,483.6 2.4 2.7 ASALs (84%) 478,170.0 73.0 82.7 Rangeland, agro-pastoralists, pastoralists, reserves ,etc (potential for irrigation) Irrigation potential 0.54 0.6 Max irrigation potential (Tana & Athi basins) 1 1.1 Forest Resources qKenya’s forest cover is less than 3% . qMain forest resources are; Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Arabuko sokoke, Ngangao, Kakamega, Malava, Mau, Elementaita, Ol Doinyo Orok, Karura, Nairobi Arboretum etc. qBenefits; grazing, water, construction materials, energy, medicine, wild food, honey, hunting, tourism, carbon sinks and biodiversity qPressure on forests is driven by; increasing populations, poverty, demand for agricultural land, energy demand, poor policy formulation and implementation, politics, liberalisation and worsening climate conditions qCharcoal & lumber main cause of deforestation C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\Desktop\A tree.bmp Agricultural sector qOnly 16% of the total land is arable qAbout 8% is available for crops and feed q12% of total land is considered high potential, less than 8% medium and over 80% as Arid and Semiarid q75% of agricultural land is in the hands of small scale farmers (0.2-5ha) who lack access to technology. qCoffee, tea, sisal, wheat, pineapple and maize are some few crops mainly grown on large scale. qOver 5million people live in ASALs and are susceptible to food shortage and often need humanitarian aid. qThe sector contributes 65% export, 70% informal employment, 18% formal employment, 26% GDP, 25% GDP indirectly qKey exports are tea – 23.6%, horticulture – 14.5%, coffee – 3.9% The energy sector Primary energy oBiomass – 68% oPetroleum – 22% oElectricity* – 9% oOthers – 1% Rural energy mix üWoodfuel –89% üCharcoal – 34% üKerosene – 94% üNat-gas – 1.8% üElectricity – 6% üSolar – 1% üBiogas üCandles Urban energy mix üWoodfuel – 7% üCharcoal – 82% üKerosene - 89% üNat-gas – 23% üElectricity – 51% üCandles Capacity oInstalled – 1,647MW oNominal – 1,433MW oPeak – 1,191MW Electricity Access oNational – 18% oUrban – 51% oRural – 6% Electricity Mix. oHydro – 57% oThermal – 31.7% oGeothermal – 11% oWind – 0.3% oEmergency – 286MW Renewable energy Commercial level oHydro Power – 757MW oGeothermal – 165MW oWind – 5.1MW oBiomass (sugar bagasse) – 26MW Domestic level oSmall hydro – Mini-grid installations oSolar PV – over 40 companies, over 220,000 SHS installed -REA installing off-grid units in schools and other centres oSolar Thermal – over 140,000m2 - common in upmarket residentials oBiogas – over 4,500 domestic size units installed oImproved cook-stoves – Numerous Institutional and domestic oBio-ethanol/-diesel - stoves, lanterns, stationary engines Biomass Energy Waste-based ·Exploited – animal manures (household biogas), molasses (ethanol), sugar bagasse* (cogeneration) ·Un-used – Sisal*, coffee, tea, municipal wastes, rice husks, sugar bagasse*, horticultural wastes, wheat straws, molasses*, market wastes, saw dust, abattoir wastes,. Plant-based · Exploited - fuelwood and charcoal extensively used ·Un-used* - Prosopis Juliflora (ironwood/ ·mesquite), sweet sorghum, water hyacinths, cassava and other liquid biofuels. * = marginally used currently Chardust3x4 D:\Topics\Image_gallery_files\image007.jpg The resource base: Sample biomass potentials as estimated by GIZ (GTZ) based on biogas production (2010) Type Solid waste (tonnes) Liquid waste (m2) Energy (MWel) Coffee 145,125 4.1m 10 Cut flower 27,357 0.65 Chicken wastes 82,125 1.9 Sisal 735,050 2.46m 20 Sugar 192,705 4.1 Milk processing 1.083m 0.55 1 Pineapple farm 75,000 0.84m 2.35 MSW (Nairobi) 996,450 37.5 1 Distillery stillage 108,000 1.1 1 Meat processing 60.000 0.05 1 pig farm 10,920 0.35 1 tea factory 7,312 0.7 Fuelwood C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\My Documents\Njoka\Njokas\IOM Lectures - Njoka\IOM charts\Fire.jpg qA larger majority of rural population depend on firewood for fuel (89%). qIn year 2000, consumption was 3,394 kg (rural) and 2,701 kg (urban) per household per annum and per capita consumption was 741 and 691 kg respectively. qKenya experiences a deficit of over 50% of firewood per year qOver 20,000 Institutions also use firewood for catering and water heating. qMost Tea factories also use fuelwood to run their boilers qOther players working with institutions to have woodlots for fuelwood Charcoal C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\My Documents\Njoka\Njokas\IOM Lectures - Njoka\IOM charts\KCJ.jpg oAn important fuel source for urban dwellers (82%). oMature trees are cut and pyrolized into high quality carbon fuel oMain cause of increased deforestation - source of income for rurals. oPer capita consumption was 156 kg (rural) and 152 kg (urban) - 2000 oSustainable projects (planting of acacia trees) being implemented in some parts of the country e.g. Bondo (Kisumu), Kitui and Kitengela (Nairobi) areas. oEnergy saving stove – Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) widely distributed in E. Africa C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\Desktop\charcoal.bmp IMG_2012 Bagasse cogeneration oAnnual sugar bagasse production is over 1.8million tonnes oMumias sugar, one of the 9 sugar companies has a 35MW capacity bagasse cogeneration unit. 26MW of the generated electricity is fed to the grid oSome tea companies generate electricity from biomass for internal use oA company by the name Tower power is almost through with feasibility studies for 2No., 11.5MW thermal power plants to run on Prosopis Juliflora (mesquite / ironwood) oVast plantations of this invasive plant, about 200,000ha are found in Baringo, Garissa and Tana river basin. Biomass electricity Briquettes Racks%203 Kenya Planters Cooperative Union (KPCU), used to produce briquettes ‘Kahawa Coal’ from coffee husks. In 2003, Chardust Ltd Kenya, a private Enterprise started briquetting of bagasse in conjunction with Chemelil (a sugar company) and is now producing 5 tonnes/day of Canecoal. UNIDO recently also started briquetting projects in Prosopis Juliflora -invested areas. A 40kVA briquette-run gasifier drives the screw press Biogas soni%20094[1] soni%20095[1] 2007317193621548 qBiogas use in Kenya is still at domestic level with units averaging from 3 to 15m3 qThe Ministry of Energy promotes and demonstrates biogas technology at its Energy Centres spread out throughout the country. qIt has in collaboration with JKUAT constructed a 345m3 biogas digester running a 45kW generator and two more others in Maseno and Masinde Muliro Universities qThe Ministry intends to pilot production of biogas from flower waste to be used to generate electricity for use by flower firms and export to the grid. D:\Topics\Image_gallery_files\image039.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\My Documents\Njoka\Njokas\EEFF\EAFF workshop Docs\Workshop fotos - Consult\P1020865.JPG qKenya National Federation of Agricultural Producers (KENFAP) is implementing a National Domestic Biogas Programme (KENDBIP) under a the African Biogas Partnership Programme (ABPP) funded by DFIS – Netherlands. qKENDBIP is to be implemented in 4½ years between 2009 and 2013 with an aim to install 8,000 domestic biogas plants qThe project gives an investment subsidy of €240. (KES. 25,000) by subsidizing construction costs. qOver 3,000 units were installed by 2011. 100_0878 qUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has implemented medium scale biogas plants using abattoir and agricultural wastes for power generation. qKilifi plantations also runs a 150kVA biogas power plant run on sisal wastes and animal manures. qSeveral other projects are being undertaken by other players. Liquid Biofuels - Bio-ethanol oBioethanol in Kenya was considered an alternative energy source in 1970s. oA power alcohol factory was established in Kisumu to run on surplus molasses from sugar companies in 1978 but was not operationized. oIn 2003, the state owned firm was sold to Spectre International Inc. oToday, Potable alcohol & industrial methanol is produced for beverage, medical & industrial applications. oSpectra International (SIL) and Agro-Chemical & Food Company Ltd (ACFC) are the key players producing 22millio-lts and 18million-lts respectively per year (2008) oPlans are underway to produce bioethanol from sweet sorghum and cassava. oA draft bioethanol policy is already in place and an E10 pilot is yet to start in Kisumu, Eldoret and Nakuru oA local NGO, PAC (formerly ITDG) is making field trials on stoves Liquid Biofuels - Biodiesel qBiodiesel is currently produced for local consumption mainly on small scale, from jatropha, castor , croton and yellow oreander qMost of the main plants existed before consideration as fuel crops and several pilot projects have been established in different areas in the country with over 4.2 million Jatropha seedlings distributed to small/large scale farmers. qKey players in jatropha include; Vanilla Development Foundation (1.19m seedlings), Green Africa Foundation (3m seedlings), Magadi Soda Company (10ha), GEF, Policy Innovation Systems for Clean Energy Security (PISCES – policy issues). qA draft biodiesel policy is already in place and a Kenya Biodiesel Association formed. C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\Desktop\Jatropha.bmp C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\Desktop\Croton.bmp C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\Desktop\Oleander.bmp C:\Documents and Settings\Personal Pc\Desktop\Castor.bmp Biomass Energy & Energy Security q68% of population rely on biomass energy and Kenya has not developed her fossil fuel supplies yet qBiomass energy feedstock are locally available qEngenders independence from fossil sources susceptible to price fluctuations and status of multi/bilateral relations qProvides a cheap energy resource to rural communities qValue addition of agricultural produce (farm-gate quality) qImproves agricultural returns and rural economies qContributes to national energy security by boosting local supplies Other advantages qCurbs excessive use of fossil fertilizer in agriculture qImproves soil fertility qImproves management of agro-based wastes qReduction of GHGs from fossil fuel emissions qConservation of soils susceptible to erosion qConservation of the forests* and environment Sustainability concerns on Biomass energy Sustainable biomass use must address 3 issues; a) ecological credibility, b) social acceptability and c) economic viability. Use of traditional biomass energy aggravates deforestation threatening soils which leads to siltation of water bodies and eventually distorting the climate. Users of traditional biomass energy are also susceptible to diseases from in-door-air pollution. Economically-driven new biomass promotes one sustainability pillar but threatens the other two. Viable ventures seek fertile lands and water only available in high biodiversity areas, wetlands or forests These same sort regions support larger populations, are designated for food production, cultural and tourism activities and hence their acquisition infringes on these socially accepted applications Key issues => Floor’s open!! Thank you!