QUIZ oWhich theory says that we have a sample for every letter and its orientation in our memory? What are the disadvantages of the theory? oWhat is the difference between bottom-up and top-down perception? Can you give examples? oWhat are some of the features that Anne Treisman names in her theory? oWhat are functions of attention? oCan you provide at least two theories of attention? ( and describe the difference between them?) o o Memory Michaela Porubanova http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-P8IIOiZdqEE/Ti6QadQn5AI/AAAAAAAAALA/A26uL9ebwms/s1600/cov-memory.gif http://www.crocodile-editions.ch/images/cartes_memory.png http://www.cstore.cz/eshop/mainItemImage/SanDisk_Memory_Stick_Micro__M2__2_GB0.jpg Memory o1. mental capacity to store information o2. information stored in our memory o3. recall of information that I am trying to utillize at the moment o4. dynamic processes used in the retention and recall/ recognition of information 3 basics mechanisms of memory oEncoding oStorage oRetrieval o oOur sense of self and personal history arises from our experiences – but we only know of these experiences through our recollections. oAre we, then, just a product of our memories? Everyday memory oMemory is selective. oRecovering a memory is not playing a videotape nMemory involves inferences that fill in gaps in recall. nWe are often unaware we have made such inferences. oSource Amnesia: The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told later about an event. o Confabulation oConfabulation: Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened. oConfabulation is most likely when: nYou have thought about the event many times nThe image of the event contains many details nThe event is easy to imagine nYou focus on emotional reactions to the event rather than what actually happened. o Patient H.M. oBrain surgery for epilepsy in 1953 o• Parts of medial temporal region removed o• Including the hippocampus (and more) o• Specific anterograde amnesia (and some oretrograde amnesia for 3 previous years) o his working memory and procedural memory were intact, he could not commit new events to long-term memory o• No problem in perception, reasoning, etc o• Died, November 2008. Amnesias oMemories for recent and remote events involve different structures. o• Retrograde Amnesia – loss of memory for events preceding the lesion. o• Anterograde Amnesia – loss of memory for events following the lesion. http://braininjuryrx.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/amnesiachart2.jpg Types of memory I oExplicit Memory: Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information. oImplicit Memory: Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions. o Explicit Memory oRecall: The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material. oRecognition: The ability to identify previously encountered material. o oBlack Grape Horse School Fish Student Bird Yellow Kiwi Blue Green Chair Mango Desk Bookcase Bed Teacher Table Homework Class Apple Dog Banana Orange Cat oHorse Brown Notebook Dog Pear Bird Orange Yellow Blue Purple Black Table Chair Desk Bookshelf Teacher School Pupil Homework Classroom Banana Kiwi Grape Bed o You have 5 seconds to memorize as much as you can Then, draw an empty chess board and reproduce the arrangement of pieces E:\Consulting\Prentice Hall\Power Point\Kassin 2e\KA0606.GIF oChunking? o(Chunk: A meaningful unit of information; it may be composed of smaller units.) oConfusion? oRecall or recognition? Types of memory o o o o o o o o(Remembering that.... vs remembering how to ...) http://www.abacon.com/slavin/images/t58.gif http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/human-cap/ltmtyps.gif What is Memory? oMemory for facts: oNew York is located in the USA. oDeclarative memory... what other kind could there be? o.... Remembering how to tie your shoelaces o.... Remembering how to ride a horse oDeclarative vs Procedural Memory o(Remembering that.... vs remembering how to ....) Three-storage Model of Memory oSensory Memory: Fleeting Impressions oShort-term Memory: Memory’s Scratch Pad oLong-term Memory: Final Destination C:\Documents and Settings\mrenner\My Documents\_MJR\Consulting\Prentice Hall\Wade-Tavris brief, Powerpoint\Graphics\f07_03.gif Short Term Memory/Working Memory o oTheorists differ a lot here o•WM acts as an active area in which items are kept at the forefront of attention o• Preserved by rehearsal o• An old theory due to George Miller osuggested a capacity of 7 +/- 2 ‘items’ Rehearsal oMaintenance Rehearsal: Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory. oElaborative Rehearsal: Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable. o rehearsal o C:\Documents and Settings\mrenner\My Documents\_MJR\Consulting\Prentice Hall\Wade-Tavris brief, Powerpoint\Graphics\f07_07.gif Memory techniques- mnemonics ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8S8V9VEFyI&feature=related Theories of forgetting oDecay oInterference oCue-dependent forgetting Decay oDecay Theory: The theory that information in memory eventually vanishes if it is not accessed (it is valid more to short-term than to long-term memory) Forgetting Curve oHerman Ebbinghaus tested his own memory for nonsense syllables. oForgetting was rapid at first and then slowly stagnated C:\Documents and Settings\mrenner\My Documents\_MJR\Consulting\Prentice Hall\Wade-Tavris brief, Powerpoint\Graphics\f07_08.gif C:\Documents and Settings\user\Application Data\Microsoft\Media Catalog\ebbinghaus.jpg Interference oRetroactive Interference: Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously. o oProactive Interference: Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material. C:\Documents and Settings\mrenner\My Documents\_MJR\Consulting\Prentice Hall\Wade-Tavris brief, Powerpoint\Graphics\f07_p251.gif C:\Documents and Settings\mrenner\My Documents\_MJR\Consulting\Prentice Hall\Wade-Tavris brief, Powerpoint\Graphics\f07_p251.gif Cue-dependent Forgetting oCue-Dependent Forgetting: The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recall. o„searching for a book in a library without the reference number, title, author or even subject „ o oState-Dependent Memory: The tendency to remember something when the person is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience. Atkinson and Shiffrin Sensory memory oGreat capacity oTime limitation o2 sec oAttention necessary for further processing oFast decay of information Sensory memory (iconic memory) oResearch of George Sperling oLatency :50ms o A M X C V K O M N R Y J Transfer of info from SM to STM oattention= “ a gate” between SM and STM oRelevance of information oSelectivity of attention Selectivity of attention o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY Short-term memory oInformation flowing constantly oHow to retain info? oAttention but alsomaintanence rehearsal oIf information is not processed it vanishes after 15-30 s o Self-reference effect ohttp://www.psych.uni.edu/psychexps/exps/Self_Reference/selfref99.htm Long-term memory o“relatively” unlimited (time and space-wise) o Document about memory o ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sWnkBf5V7s&feature=related Long-term memory loss ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw&feature=related Baddeley- working memory o Working memory: Alan Baddeley Baddeley- working memory oCentral Executive: meters out attention oPhonological loop: sub-vocal rehearsal oVisuo-spatial sketchpad: non-verbal information o(visual, movement, etc) Central Executive/ „supervisor“ o obinding information from a number of sources into ocoherent episodes ocoordination of the slave systems o oshifting between tasks or retrieval strategies o oselective attention and inhibition o oProcesses sound or phonological information ophonological store and articulatory rehearsal component /loop Phonological Loop Phonological Loop o- Mental Rehearsal oWhich list is easier to retain in memory? o oZ L Q T N K S R oP B G V C T D E o ocup hat ball tree fork top door pin orefrigerator hippopotamus encyclopedia..... Phonological Loop oItems which sound similar are more easily to be confused because storage of information is based on the sound of the item (sub-vocal rehearsal) o oLonger words take up more ‘space’: they exert WM, so less information is remembered Visuospatial sketchpad ohold information about what we see = visual information omanipulation of spatial and visual information STM/WM vs LTM oShort Term Memory is: Time-limited o(max ca 30 sec) oContent limited o oprefrontal cortex odial a phone number someone just told you o oLong Term Memory is: oOf Indefinite Duration oVirtually unlimited oeven permanently on the basis of meaning and importance o Autobiographical Memory o Autobiographical Memory oThe reminiscence bump: people recall a disproportionatelylarge number of autobiographical memories of events that happened when they were about 15-25 years of age. o oWHY? omemories linked to self-identity obiological/ maturational account othe cognitive account – novel experience Autobiographical Memory o Autobiographical Memory oA period of recency: people recall more autobiographicalmemories of events that happened more recently in their lives. oRecall Ebbinghaus o o