Table I.  Alternative risk-management strategies and examples
CO
o o
l-.xamples targeted at modifying various links in the risk chain
Generation process
Risk-management strategy
Modify risk source
Módily exposure process
Modify effects process
Modify consequent utility
Self-hazardous behavior Smoking Alcohol abuse Mountain climbing Skin diving htc.
Mandatory requirements Legal restrictions Product bans Automatic protection strategics
Incentives Insurance premium
adjustments Taxing hazardous behavior
Information dissemination Ldueational campaigns
Han saccharin
Provide public transportation on New Year's Lve (to prevent drunken driving)
Publication of safe operating instructions for hazardous products
Rslablish minimum age for consumption of alcohol
Offer reduced-cost health insurance to nonsmokers
Post hazard warnings at national parks
Require motorcyclists to wear helmets
Reduce registration fees for cars with passive restraint systems
Sponsor advertisements designed to increase seatbell use
Require personal health insurance
Offer subsidized insurance for
inhabitants of flood plains
Provide counseling services for the terminally ill
Cogcnerated risks Risks to employees
from employment Risks to consumers
from product
purchases
Mandatory requirements occupational safety
regulations Product safety standards Regulation of advertising Product bans
Incentives Wage premiums for risky
jobs Liability rules Taxing occupational risks
Information dissemination Product labels Warnings
Prohibit use of certain pesticides in asriculturc
Provide tax incentives lor replacing unsafe equipment
Provide manufacturers with product safety information
Rslablish maximum daily radiation dose for workers
1 ax hazardous consumer products to reduce consumption
Require safety warnings on consumer products (e.g.. step ladders)
Require public restaurants to provide diners with water (in order to reduce dangers of choking)
Provide citrus drinks lor government employees working in conditions promoting dehydration
Require antidote instructions on poisonous products
Hnlorcc product safety liability'compensation
Offer supplementary worker insurance programs
Provide information on employment opportunities for the hnndicappci
CD
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Lxtcrnalilies Air. water pollution Radiation Toxic chemicals Noise pollution Nuclear war Auto accidents Etc.
Mandatory requirements Standards Regulations
Incentives Pollution licenses Hllluent lees Insurance Compensation
Information dissemination Government research Warniims
hstablish new source performance standards for emissions of air
Tax polluters in proportion to quantity ol pollutant emitted
Government-sponsored
Rti: O on air pollution control technology
Require nuclear power plant operators to develop community evacuation plans
Subsidize mass transit to attract drivers off highways
Post public warning hazardous sites
Require auto makers ti install collision-resistant bumpers
Oiler inexpensive air filtration masks to urban commuters
Report pollution index to warn citizens to reduce activity on hiľh-nollutiondavs
Provide emergency t'i (e.g.. housing) for \ictimsol toxic chemical spills
Offer government-
subsidized liability insurance to manu laeturers of potcnti« toxic substances
Provide advice and information for
horticulture in acid : areas
lief
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