Class 4: The power of structures
Christos Zografos, PhD
Institute of Environmental Science & Technology (ICTA)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
christos.zografos@uab.cat
Power, politics and environmental change
MA Environmental Humanities 2014-15
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Intro
•Purpose: explain structuralist approach to the study of how power produces environmental change
•Reason why you should know this:
–Because it is one main approach of explaining the role of politics in producing environmental
change
–Which you can use for your research/ understanding environmental change and governance
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Class outline
•Discuss answers to student assignment
•Delve deeper in premises of structuralist explanation of environmental change and governance
•With short group exercises
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CLASS ASSIGNMENT 3
“…the uncontrolled growth of weeds and their emerging dominance in the landscape do appear to
symbolize disorder, decay, and the absence of control that accompany years of political and fiscal
neglect. Socially speaking, the significance of weeds is not what they do but, rather, what they
represent; the same can be said for the abandoned autos, heaps of garbage, discarded needles,
condoms, and drug paraphernalia, and broken glass that are pervasive throughout the park”
(Brownlow, 2006, p.242)
Why, according to Brownlow, have disorder and decay fallen upon Cobbs Creek?
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Disorder and decay in Cobbs Creek
•Why?
–A key factor/ key change that brought about disorder and decay
•Loss of social (community) control mechanisms that ensured park security for everyone
•What reasons produced this phenomenon?
1.Actions of a man in power (Rizzo)
2.Public Administration’s neglect
3.Change in gang culture
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Personal agenda of one person in a seat of power
•Police Commissioner & then Mayor Rizzo:
–his actions led to a loss of surveillance (local community social control) mechanisms
•Actions: Rizzo policies
–1974: Mayor Rizzo cuts park budget by 50% (compared to previous admin)
–reduce importance of mounted Park Guard (personal vendetta) through its reduction: from 500 guards
to 24 and its integration with the Philadelphia Police Department,
–removal of park benches upon which members of the community would sit and observe “the world
passing by”. This also led to elimination of an important element of community self-surveillance
(benches)
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Result of neglect (of racist-origins)
•Budget cuts started with Mayor Rizzo but continued: since early 80s (i.e. 3 decades=no increase)
•steady decline in budgetary spending on the park further compounded the problem
•budget cuts followed almost exact pattern as exodus of whites from the area (racism within the
Philadelphia powerful decision-making institutions)
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Change in gang culture
Gangs' informal agreement (50s) over park's neutrality
•John: “The park was sort of that neutral ground because everybody came to the park, and you had
picnics out there and all kinds of things in that community – cook outs”
•Tom: “It was an unwritten agreement that the park would be neutral”
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Change in gang culture
•Late60s +early70s: growing pressure of black power movement to cease black-on-black violence and
focus energy and anger on greater social and political wrongs
–Cobbs Creek’s early gangs quietly disappear: informal park security they ensured also disappears
•late 1970s: decline of black identity movement and outmigration of middle-class blacks leaves
power vacuum
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Change in gang culture
•1980s: re-emergence of gangs
–structure and membership not like “organic, homegrown gangs of the 1950s and 1960s”
–more violent forms and structures mimicked gang activity in cities like L.A., Chicago, and New
York, where there were no agreements, unwritten or otherwise
•End of agreement: emergence of violence
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The bigger picture
•Loss of social control mechanisms must be analysed from a wider perspective of power relations'
evolution within Philadelphia's recent history
–civil rights movement, racial struggles, economic decay, etc.
•Rizzo’s decisions to dismantle local social control mechanisms in Cobbs Creek can be seen as a
form of social control
–as a means of controlling social organization and activity among politically active black
community during a period of racial upheaval
–by removing their primary public arena of social intercourse and political exchange
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CLASSROOM ACTIVITY 1
STUDYING POWER THE STRUCTURALIST WAY
1.Study: practices and processes in which power circulates among different social groups,
resources, and spaces (Paulson et al., 2005)
2.Where is power located?
–Outside of ‘the subject’
3. How does power operate?
Power presses and shapes subject (community and park) from the outside
Power: ability to control one’s environment including others’ behaviour
How does Brownlow study this “ability to control”?
1.What things (aspects of Cobbs Creek ‘reality’/ situation) does he analyse?
2.Where is power located? Who holds it?
3.How does power operate upon people?
Get into groups
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DEEPER INTO STRUCTURALIST EXPLANATION OF POWER AND POLITICS
Block 2
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‘Third World’ within
•“Today, the Cobbs Creek “condition” is dominated by social indicators of inequality and neglect:
…male unemployment near 50%, …” (p.231)
•Third World conditions/ spaces inside ‘First World’: Cobbs Creek is
–A ‘First World’ periphery
–The ‘Third World’ within
•First-Third World divide: result of a global process of uneven development
–First World: benefits (e.g. from NR use) – Third World: costs & risks -> unequal distributions
–Remember: Dependency Theory (Class 3)
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Structuralism: the ‘backwaters’
•Shroeder et al. (2006)
–“Drawing on structuralist arguments, sees the First World as part of a global process of
capitalist uneven development
–The same forces that produced the Third World as such are responsible for creating peripheries,
backwaters, wastelands, remote areas, etc. within advanced capitalist nations as well”
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Structuralism: binaries
•The First – Third World binary
•Structuralism: to explain/ understand social reality,  builds models based on binaries
•Structuralism makes a distinction between surface structure (superstructure) and deep structure
(infrastructure/base structure) (Glazer)
–to understand the surface structure one has to understand the deep structure, and how it
influences the surface structure
–Assiter (1984): structures are the "real things" that lie beneath the surface (or the appearance
of meaning)
*Note: origins in Freud’s psychoanalysis
–surface structure = conscious; deep structure = unconscious
–E.g. anxiety (conscious-surface expression) in front of authority (e.g. your boss) is result of
unconscious (deep structure) ‘trauma’ in e.g. early childhood in front of parent, schoolteacher,
etc.
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Key approaches and binaries
•In political ecology, Marxism is probably the most influential structuralist approach
•Traditionally, a key surface-base binary:
–Economics: deep structure (base)
–Ideology, politics: surface structure (superstructure)
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Key approaches and binaries: e.g.
•Society’s relations of production = economic base
–e.g. capitalist relations: means of production (non-human inputs, e.g. tools + infrastructure +
natural K, e.g. land) are held privately
•Society’s superstructure (e.g. legal system, ideology, etc.) merely expresses those social
conditions (private ownership of MoP) and dominant class interests
–E.g. upper and upper-middle class (bourgeois) dominate working class
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Environmental change
•“I demonstrate how urban ecologies are politically inscribed and manipulated in a manner that
reflects and reproduces social relations of power and inequality” (Brownlow, 2006, p.228)
–Binaries: environmental change (ecologies of neglect and insecurity) reflect what happens in the
base structure (economic and political system)
•Power = coercion, domination that is imposed
–coercive practices (actions) of actors, e.g. Rizzo, gangs
–coming/experienced from the outside, from those actions
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Value of structuralism
•Refines approaches to study of domination: important
–Domination brings inequality and environmental injustice = undesirable
–Inequality and power differentials: deeper roots of environmental degradation (e.g. Latin America
– Paulson, 2005)
•Logic of dominant (e.g. capitalist) investment-> adverse effects:
–spatial patterns of environmental racism (e.g. landfills in African-American communities)
–‘First World’ peripheries (e.g. Cobbs Creek): spaces of domination
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Classroom exercise 2
•Get back into your previous groups
•Can you now think of an example where the same thing (Cobbs Creek degradation) has happened?
–Discuss
–Decide on example
–Present, describe example to rest of the class
Answers should include following key elements
•Coercion (domination) and links to environ degradation
•How power shapes from the outside
•Use/ build upon binaries
–Base structure
–Superstructure
–Groups
•Analyse: practices and processes
–Flesh out how these facilitate imposing one’s “will even against..”
–Identify power with specific groups who exercise it: who exercises power upon whom?
•Explain how degradation is result of a system and its structure that produces degradation
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