Peter Spáč 2.3.2015 N:\Škola\Politológia\Bakalárske predmety\Candidate Selection in Political Parties\2014\Prednášky\How to study 1\i8ohf.jpg Candidate selection as topic —Not a mainstream in political science — —Rising influence in recent periods — —Unfinished discussions about theoretical framework and methodology — —Key question – How to study candidate selection? — — — A possible shortcut? —Ability to predict which candidate selection methods will political parties apply — —Data from studies (Lundell 2004) indicate that such attitude is not fully reliable — —The same counts for changes in rules of candidate selection (Barnea and Rahat 2007) — —Important outcome – each political party has to be studied individually — — — — Existing research —Many empirical and less theoretical works — —Various areas – what type of candidates to choose, what type of selection is the best etc. — —Candidate selection as independent variable, dependent variable or both — —Israel – most important area for methodological approach of candidate selection — — — — — — — — — Reuven Y. Hazan Gideon Rahat http://www.refdag.nl/polopoly_fs/2012_03_17_acc3_bij_hazan17_2_fc_web_1_630380!image/2945243749.jpg https://overseas.huji.ac.il/_Uploads/dbsArticles/GidiRahat.jpg Hazan and Rahat —Most prominent researchers in area of candidate selection — —Democracy within parties. Candidate Selection Methods and their Political Consequences. (2010) — —A complex framework based on 4 dimensions: —Candidacy —Selectorate —Decentralization —Appointment and voting systems — — — — — — — — — — 1. Candidacy —Who can be selected? — —Describes the potential group out of which candidates may emerge — —Most simple dimension for analysis — —Possibly the most harsh dimension, as it may eliminate nearly everyone from being a candidate — — — — — — — — — — Candidacy —An inclusive – exclusive continuum — — — — — — — — — — — Candidacy —All voters: —All eligible citizens may become candidates —US parties — —Members: —Restriction to party members only —Plenty of examples including some Czech parties — —Members + other requirements: —Most exclusive category —Members have to fulfill special conditions — — — — — — — — — Belgian socialists (in the past) —Who could be a candidate: — —Member of the party, trade union or insurance association for at least 5 years —Who made minimum purchases from co-operative association —Was a subscriber of the party’s newspaper —Had children in state rather than in catholic school —And his family (wife, children) participated in the „proper“ women or youth organization — — — — — — — — — Candidacy —Why more inclusive? —Legal restrictions —Opening the gates to people — —Why more exclusive? —Control over the candidate selection —Ensuring homogeneity of party —Resistance to corrupt practices —Candidacy requirements as reward for active and loyal members or as a motivation for proper behavior — — — — — — — — — Candidacy requirements —Important division of requirements: —Stated by the law —Stated by political parties — —Legal system: —Delineates the ends of the continuum – citizenship, age, residence, incompatibility with other offices —Constitution, laws, regulations —Political parties may operate only within these positions and may not go beyond — — — — — — — — Parties’ requirements —Age: — —Mostly the upper level (the lower is stated by law) —Restrictions to long-term politicians —An effective way how to ensure access of younger candidates —Moral issue? — —Belgian parties (maximum 65 years) à which Czech party in elections 2013 could not impose such restriction? — — — — — — — — — — Parties’ requirements —Membership: — —Status quo – being a members on a certain date —Lasting for some time – 1 year, 2 years, 5 years etc. —(Partly) effective way how to avoid corrupt practices based on hiring instant members — —Opposite tactics: —Encouraging non-members to become candidates —Slovak party OLaNO, Dutch PVV —Any Czech case? — — — — — — — — — — — Members-Only-Sign Podnikatel s japonskými kořeny Tomio Okamura se svou stížností k Nejvyššímu správnímu soudu neuspěl. Parties’ requirements —Plenty of others: — —Monetary deposit – „on the campaign“ —Recommendation – by other members, authorities —Specific abilities – foreign languages —Previous political experience – mayor, party official —Symbolic requirements – honesty, reputation — —Problematic: —Contracts of loyalty between parties and candidates —Unenforceable by the law — — — — — — — — — — — — Incumbents — —Automatic reselection – any guess? — —Advantages: —No need to fulfil requirements as other candidates —Selected if not decided otherwise — —Disadvantages: —Need of higher support in the party —Worse starting position on the final list — — — — — — — — — — — — http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Obama,_Bush,_and_Clinton_discuss_the_2010_Haiti_ earthquake.jpg 2. Selectorate —Who is selecting? — —The party body (or bodies) that select the candidates from the pool of aspirants — —The most important dimension of all with crucial effects on the whole process — — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate —An inclusive – exclusive continuum — — — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate —Voters: —Entire electorate eligible to vote —Different types of primaries – non-partisan, blanket, open, semi-closed, (American) closed — —Members: —Party membership in European meaning (not just registered voters) —Closed primaries — — — — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate —Party delegates: —Representatives selected by party members —Agency, congress, convention — —Party elite: —Indirectly selected or non-selected bodies usually composing of small number of officials —Special selection committees — —Party leader: —A single entity — — — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate — — — — — — — — — — — — —Measuring the selectorate: — — — — — — —Highly exclusive – Kadima (0), Forza Italia (2) —Middle sector – German parties (12) —Highly inclusive - Icelandic parties (22), US parties (24) — — — — — — — — — — — Kadima party logo http://www.lenola.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/forzaitalia.jpg Flag of Germany.svg http://www.flagsinternational.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136 e95/i/c/iceland1.jpg http://media.cmgdigital.com/shared/img/photos/2011/05/23/republican_elephant.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e3/DemocraticLogo.png Selectorate - complexities —A single selectorate is rather rare — —Why? —a) parties have complex internal structures —b) parties just want to make it harder for students to study candidate selection — —Assorted method: —Different candidates face different selectorates that differ in their inclusiveness —Some candidates are selected by members, other by delegates (Belgian parties) — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate - complexities —Multistage method: —All candidates face more selectorates in more stages —A central committee filters aspirants and presents a shorter lists of persons out of which party delegates select candidates — —Weighted method: —All candidates face more selectorates at the same stage —Votes of each selectorate are weighted together —Kuomintang – weighting votes of party delegates and party members — — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate - complexities —Public Affairs (VV) in 2010 — —Leaders of lists: —A central committee made a short list of aspirants —After that semi-closed primaries have chosen leaders — —Other candidates: —Special selectorate composing of regional officials, local leaders and the list leader — —Which complexities are present? — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate - complexities —Public Affairs (VV) in 2010 — —Leaders of lists: —A central committee made a short list of aspirants —After that semi-closed primaries have chosen leaders — —Other candidates: —Special selectorate composing of regional officials, local leaders and the list leader — —Applied methods - multistage and assorted — — — — — — — — — — Selectorate - complexities —How to deal with them? — —Separate analysis of each selectorate and its impact — —Excluding stages which are only formalities (in multistage method) — —Calculation of relative impacts into an average value — — — — — — — — — Selectorate - complexities — — — — —Two selectorates: — —Party members (18) and party delegates (12) —Both have equal impact —Final value is 15 Selectorate - complexities — — — — —Two selectorates: — —Party members (18) and party elite (6) —Both have equal impact —Final value is 12 Selectorate - complexities —Potential problems: —Three or more selectorates —Selectorates are not close to each other —How to exactly measure their impact? — —Results may not represent the reality — —Necessary limitation of the framework — — — — — — — — — 3. Decentralization —Whose interests are represented? — —Extent to which national level influences the candidate selection as opposed to the weight of regional / local levels or social units — —Aim – to ensure representation in territorial or social aspects — — — — — — — — — — — Mechanisms of decentralization — —Establishment of non-national districts with their own selectorate: —Typical for territorial decentralization — — —Reserved positions (quotas): —Typical for social representation — — — — — — — — — — — Non-national districts —Regional or local branches have power to choose their candidates — —Great influence of electoral system in general elections à strong role of electoral district level — —FPTP usually leads to decentralized candidate selection while nationwide constituency works otherwise — —Exemptions – parties in India, Netherlands — — — — — — — — — — — — Reserved positions —Typically used for ensuring women representation — —Other groups – young party members, members of trade unions, ethnic minorities — —Quantitative share may not be enough – reserved positions should be competitive: —List PR systems – every third position of different gender —FPTP – reserved positions not only for lost districts — —Quotas only for the selectorate may also be insufficient — — — — — — — — — — — — — Share of women on lists (Czech national election 2010) Positions ODS CSSD KSCM SZ 1 – 6 10.5 10.5 29.8 35.1 7 – 12 15.8 29.8 21.1 40.4 13 – 18 31.6 22.8 31.6 36.8 19 – 24 28.1 31.6 29.8 33.3 25 – 30 21.1 31.6 31.6 31.6 31 - 36 12.3 25.5 36.8 30.9 Sum 19.9 25.3 30.1 34.7 Share of women on lists (Czech national election 2010) Positions ODS CSSD KSCM SZ 1 – 6 10.5 10.5 29.8 35.1 7 – 12 15.8 29.8 21.1 40.4 13 – 18 31.6 22.8 31.6 36.8 19 – 24 28.1 31.6 29.8 33.3 25 – 30 21.1 31.6 31.6 31.6 31 - 36 12.3 25.5 36.8 30.9 Sum 19.9 25.3 30.1 34.7 Share of women on lists (Czech national election 2010) Positions ODS CSSD KSCM SZ 1 – 6 10.5 10.5 29.8 35.1 7 – 12 15.8 29.8 21.1 40.4 13 – 18 31.6 22.8 31.6 36.8 19 – 24 28.1 31.6 29.8 33.3 25 – 30 21.1 31.6 31.6 31.6 31 - 36 12.3 25.5 36.8 30.9 Sum 19.9 25.3 30.1 34.7 Important note — — —Decentralization —does not equal —democratization — — — — — — — — — — — — Decentralization —Decentralization may be connected to democratization, but it is not a rule — —These two dimensions should not be mixed — —If the party leader used to choose candidates and now the party has decided to give this power to its local branches – is it democratization? — — — — — — — — — — — — Appointment vs. Voting —How does the selectorate realize its decisions? — —The technique of selecting the candidates — —Appointment: —Usually connected to bodies of small number of people —Deliberation of members —Typically used for dialogue between factions — — — — — — — — — — Appointment vs. Voting —Voting: — —Usually used for large bodies of hundreds or thousands of participants (primaries, delegate conventions) — —Effects of electoral systems as in regular elections — —Important in respect to party unity or factionalism — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Appointment vs. Voting —Combinations in multistage method or in a single selectorate — —One body creates a proposal of candidates by appointment and another selectorate confirms this by a vote — —The same is possible in a single selectorate where its more exclusive part makes the proposal — —Example - Czech social democrats — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Hazan and Rahat – 4 dimensions —Candidacy —Who can be selected? — —Selectorate —Who is selecting? — —Decentralization —Whose interests are represented? — —Appointment vs. Voting —How does the selectorate realize its decisions? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — http://www.refdag.nl/polopoly_fs/2012_03_17_acc3_bij_hazan17_2_fc_web_1_630380!image/2945243749.jpg https://overseas.huji.ac.il/_Uploads/dbsArticles/GidiRahat.jpg