MEDLINE Carlos A. Almenara, PhD Online and Offline Resources In Psychological Assessment PSY494P122 (April 22nd, 2015) 2 WHAT’S PubMed? PubMed ¨PubMed Health is a service provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). ¨ ¨The U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) is the world's largest medical library. It has millions of records of books and journals about all aspects of medicine and health care on its shelves. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed 4 WHAT’S MEDLINE? MEDLINE ¨NLM has been indexing the biomedical literature since 1879. ¨ ¨What was once a printed index to articles, the Index Medicus, became a database now known as MEDLINE. 5 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/usemedline.html http://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/indexmedicus.html MEDLINE ¨So, MEDLINE is the U.S. NLM premier bibliographic database and primary content of PubMed ¨ ¨Contains over 20 million references to journal articles in life sciences dating back to 1946. ¨ ¨Primary concentration is on biomedicine. 6 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/medline.html MEDLINE ¨Coverage is 5600 worldwide journals, but most records (about 93%) are from English-language sources or have English abstracts. ¨ ¨Approximately 84% of citations added in the last five years include a published abstract. ¨ ¨Since 1996, free access to MEDLINE has been available to the public online via PubMed. 7 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/medline.html MEDLINE ¨MEDLINE is also available through major Databases suppliers, being OVID the most used. 8 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/medline.html 9 How journals are selected? MEDLINE ¨The Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC) meets three times a year and considers approximately 180 titles for MEDLINE at each meeting. ¨ ¨Final approval is made by the Director of the NLM. ¨ ¨Titles are considered for scope and coverage, quality of content, quality of editorial work, production quality, audience, and type of content. 10 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 11 What is in a bibliographic record? MEDLINE ¨The MEDLINE® Basic Bibliographic Citation contains: ¤Title of the journal article ¤Names of the Authors ¤Abstract published with the article ¤Controlled Vocabulary search terms (Medical Subject Headings, MeSH) ¤Journal Source Information ¤First Author Affiliation ¤Language in which the article was published ¤Publication Type (description of the type of article, e.g., Review, Letter, etc.) 12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ MEDLINE 13 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ MEDLINE 14 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ¨“Indexed for MEDLINE” Are complete records (when MeSH terms and other indexing terms are added) MEDLINE 15 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ¨Some articles may never become MEDLINE citations and won’t have MeSH terms: ¨ ¤Out-of-scope articles from selectively indexed MEDLINE journals ¤Articles from issues of journals published prior to selection for MEDLINE indexing (OldMedline, <1946). ¤Articles from non-MEDLINE journals, including author manuscripts in PubMed Central (PMC) that would not normally be in PubMed. PubMed ¨Records can display Related citations, which are computed with an algorithm. ¨ ¨See reviews to see the review articles that are related to this citation. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 16 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 17 PMID MEDLINE 18 http://www.mendeley.com ¨ ¨ ¨The PMID might be used in Mendeley MEDLINE 19 http://sfx.muni.cz ¨The PMID might be used in your institutional link resolver MEDLINE 20 http://linksource.ebsco.com/ReviseRequest.aspx ¨ ¨ ¨The PMID might be used in your institutional link resolver 21 BASICS PubMed 22 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ¨PubMed is one of the NCBI databases ¤ ¨ PubMed ¨Help and tutorials. ¨ ¨ ¨ 23 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨A free tutorial is available online. ¤ ¤Understand PubMed's scope and content. ¤Understand how the MeSH vocabulary is used to describe and retrieve citations. ¤Build a search using MeSH and PubMed search tools (Details, Filters, History, Search Builder, etc.) ¤Manage your results using display, sort, the Clipboard, save, print, e-mail and order features and My NCBI filters. ¤Save your search strategies. ¤Link to full-text articles and other resources. ¤Use special queries and other PubMed/NCBI tools. 24 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmedtutorial/ PubMed ¨PubMed Tools ¨ ¨ ¨ 25 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨More resources. ¨ ¨ ¨ 26 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨News. ¨ ¨ ¨ 27 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨You may also use the tab “Resources” on the top ¨ ¨ 28 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨You may also use the tab “How to” on the top ¨ ¨ ¨ 29 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Sign in to NCBI (customization). ¨ ¨ ¨ 30 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨CREATE YOUR ACCOUNT ¨ ¤ ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 31 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/ 32 MeSH (Controlled Vocabulary) PubMed ¨MEDLINE uses a controlled vocabulary, meaning that there is a specific set of terms used to describe each article. ¨ ¨ ¨Familiarity with this vocabulary will make you a better PubMed searcher. 33 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH®) ¤ ¤Used for subject analysis ¤ ¤Used for indexing journal articles for MEDLINE, and also cataloging books, audiovisuals ¤ ¤MeSH terms are arranged in a hierarchical categorized manner called MeSH Tree Structures and are updated annually. ¨ 34 Video: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/video/ PubMed ¨MeSH vocabulary is organized by 16 main branches: ¨ ¨ 35 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨When PubMed searches a MeSH term, it will automatically include narrower terms in the search, if applicable. This is also called "automatic explosion”. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 36 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨NLM indexers examine articles and assign the most specific MeSH heading(s) (also Subheadings) that appropriately describes the concept(s) discussed. 37 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨In addition to assigning MeSH terms that describe the topic of the article, the indexer provides terms that reflect: ¤ ¤Characteristics of the group being studied (e.g., the age group, human or other animal, male or female) ¤ ¤The material represented (Publication Types) e.g., Clinical Trials, Editorial, Review 38 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH®), 1st edition catalog is freely available online: ¤ ¨ 39 https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/collections/digital/MeSH/pdfs/MeSH.pdf 40 SEARCHING PubMed ¨ ¨Create your search strategy with: ¤A predefined search strategy1 ¤Key concepts ¤Alternative terms (if needed) ¤Refine your search, as appropriate ¤Practice 41 1 Kastner, M., Tricco, A. C., Soobiah, C., Lillie, E., Perrier, L., Horsley, T., … Straus, S. E. (2012). What is the most appropriate knowledge synthesis method to conduct a review? Protocol for a scoping review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12, 114. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-114 ¨ ¨SPENDING TIME ELABORATING A SEARCH STRATEGY IS A GOOD INVESTMENT 42 43 “PARTIAL MATCH” SEARCH PubMed 44 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Automatic Term Mapping ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨The phrases and individual terms are also searched in All Fields 45 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨You can see how your search was translated by PubMed in the Search details box. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨However, the Search Details box does NOT show MeSH terms included by automatic explosion. 46 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed 47 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨Stopwords ¨(ignored words) ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 48 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 49 FILTERS, LIMITS, OPTIONS PubMed ¨Only filters valid for your search results will appear. ¨ ¨ ¨Some Filters, including many publication types, age groups, species and sex, restrict your search to indexed records. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 50 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨DATE: PubMed will search both electronic and print publication dates when range searching. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨If using a single date, PubMed will search only the earliest publication date (since 1946). ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 51 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨JOURNALS ¤Approximately forty languages are indexed. ¤Core Clinical Journals: 120 English language clinical journals formerly published as the Abridged Index Medicus (AIM). ¤MEDLINE: Limits to records that are fully indexed. This subset can also be used in a search as medline [sb]. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 52 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨AGE ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 53 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨Search Fields ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 54 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨REMEMBER! ¤Unless you remove these filters, or your session times out, any search in PubMed will be limited by applied filters. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 55 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 56 BOOLEAN SEARCH PubMed ¨The Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT can be used to combine search terms in PubMed. ¨ ¨In PubMed, Boolean operators must be entered in UPPERCASE letters. ¨ ¨When using multiple Boolean operators in PubMed, they are processed left to right. ¨ ¨You can also combine previous searches (using Advanced Search). ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 57 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨EXACT MATCH: PubMed automatically searches for phrases during Automatic Term Mapping. ¤ ¤Enclosing the phrase in double quotes without search tag indicates the search should be conducted in All Fields. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 58 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨EXACT MATCH: You may also try: ¨ ¤Entering the phrase with a search tag: nPerceived weight [tw] ¤ ¤Truncating nPerceived weight* ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 59 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Truncation (*) turns off automatic term mapping and the automatic explosion of MeSH terms. ¨ ¨ ¨Try your search with and without quotes, hyphenation and truncation and compare your results. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 60 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 61 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ The answer is D (because it’s read from left to right) (See below the translation) ("perception"[MeSH Terms] OR "perception"[All Fields] OR "perceived"[All Fields]) AND (("weights and measures"[MeSH Terms] OR ("weights"[All Fields] AND "measures"[All Fields]) OR "weights and measures"[All Fields] OR "weight"[All Fields] OR "body weight"[MeSH Terms] OR ("body"[All Fields] AND "weight"[All Fields]) OR "body weight"[All Fields]) OR ("human body"[MeSH Terms] OR ("human"[All Fields] AND "body"[All Fields]) OR "human body"[All Fields] OR "body"[All Fields])) 62 MeSH DATABASE PubMed ¨The MeSH Database allows you to: ¤Locate and select MeSH terms, (Headings, Subheadings, & Publication Types). ¤See the definition and other helpful information for a MeSH term. ¤Build a PubMed search strategy. ¤Display MeSH terms in the hierarchy. ¤Limit MeSH terms to a major concept for a search. ¤Attach subheadings for a search. ¤Link to the NLM MeSH Section's MeSH Browser. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 63 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨MeSH heading: The summary may include a definition of the concept. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 64 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Subheadings and limiters are available. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 65 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 66 EXERCISE PubMed ¨Let's search for treatment failure in diet therapy of obesity ¨ ¨1st step: ¤Search treatment failure as MeSH term. ¨ ¤Click Add to search builder ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 67 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 68 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Let's search for treatment failure in diet therapy of obesity ¨ ¨2nd step: ¤Search Obesity as MeSH term, click on it, and select diet therapy subheading. ¤Before add this term to the strategy, let's restrict to citations where the major focus of the article is diet therapy. So, keep selected the option: Restrict to MeSH Major Topic. ¤Click Add to search builder ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 69 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 70 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 71 JOURNALS PubMed ¨JOURNALS ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 72 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨JOURNALS: ¤Search by title, abbreviation, ISSN, or topic. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 73 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Searching Journals (autocomplete) ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 74 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Journal information ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 75 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Limiting your search into a specific journal ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 76 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨JOURNALS: ¤Browse by broad subject terms, or lists. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 77 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨JOURNALS: ¤Browse by broad subject terms. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 78 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨JOURNALS: ¤Browsing by broad subject terms: Psychology ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 79 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Psychology[st] PubMed ¨JOURNALS: ¤You can add specific journals to your search. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 80 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨JOURNALS: ¤Browse Journal lists by FTP (available for download). ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 81 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 82 CLINICAL QUERIES PubMed ¨Clinical queries is part of PubMed Tools ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 83 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Clinical queries is available for specific clinical research areas. 3 search filters are available ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 84 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨Clinical Study Categories is intended for clinicians and has 2 filters: 5 study categories and two scope filters. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 85 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨ ¨Systematic Reviews: It retrieves systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, consensus development conferences, and guidelines. ¨ ¨Citations from journals specializing in clinical review studies are also included. 86 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 87 ADVANCED SEARCH PubMed ¨Author, Journal and MeSH fields include an autocomplete feature. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 88 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨To see and select from a list of all values in the database in a specific field, use the ¨ ¨In parentheses are the number of records that include that term. ¨ ¨You may select multiple values from a single index by holding your key. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 89 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Selecting terms from the Index List ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 90 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ PubMed ¨Use tags to specify fields. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 91 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip PubMed ¨Use tags to specify fields. ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨Uppercase, lowercase or combined are the same. 92 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip PubMed ¨Using MeSH tags. ¤ ¤MeSH Major Topic [MAJR] nsleep[Majr]: automatically includes automatic explosion. nsleep[majr:noexp]: turn off automatic explosion. n ¤MeSH Headings [MH] nsleep[mh]: automatically includes automatic explosion. nsleep[mh:noexp]: turn off automatic explosion. n ¨Remember: “In process”, “publisher supplied”, and OldMedline citations are excluded (they aren’t indexed). ¤ ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 93 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip PubMed ¨Using MeSH heading/subheading combination. ¤ ¤MeSH Major Topic [MAJR] nSleep/psychology[majr] nSleep/psychology[majr:noexp] n ¤MeSH Headings [MH] nObesity/prevention and control[mh] nObesity/prevention and control [mh:noexp] n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 94 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip PubMed ¨Using MeSH heading/subheading combination. ¤ ¤To search the subheading attached to any MeSH heading ("free-floating"). Only one subheading at one time n nobesity[mh] AND genetics[sh] n nobesity[mh] AND mortality[sh:noexp] ¤ ¤ n ¤ ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 95 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/table/pubmedhelp.T41/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨Use the MeSH subheadings and abbreviations list: ¨ ¨depression[mh] AND PD[sh] ¤ n ¤ ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 96 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/table/pubmedhelp.T41/ PubMed ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨A list of subheading explosions is also available. ¤ n ¤ ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 97 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/subhierarchy.html PubMed ¨Using Text Words [TW] tag. ¤Terms tagged will be searched in: nTitle nAbstract nMeSH headings and Subheadings (includes single words and phrases) nOther Terms field nChemical Names of Substances nSecondary Source Identifier, which identifies a secondary source that supplies information nPersonal Name as Subject ¤ ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 98 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip PubMed ¨Affiliation [AD] tag. ¤The institutional affiliation (address) of the first author is taken from the article. n namerican[ad] AND psychological[ad] AND association[ad] n ¨Corporate Author [CN] tag. ¤Search for corporate authorship of an article. n namerican psychological association [cn] n namerican [cn] AND psychological [cn] AND association [cn] n namerican psychological association [cn] OR american psychological association [ti] ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 99 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip PubMed ¨Place of Publication [PL] tag. ¤This field indicates the cited journal's country of publication. nobesity AND czech republic [pl] ¨ ¨Personal Name as Subject [PS] tag. ¤Search citations about a named individual. n nsmith j [ps] ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 100 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip PubMed ¨Grant Number [GR] tag. ¤For Public Health Services agencies, the number is followed by the Institute acronym; the agency’s hierarchical structure from lower to higher entity, when known; and by the country name. n nLM05545/LM/NLM NIH HHS/United States ¨ ¤For other funding organizations, the number is followed by the name of the organization; the country name. n n066866/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom 101 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/grant_acronym.html PubMed ¨ ¨Secondary Source Identifier [SI] tag. ¤ ¤Identifies a secondary source that supplies information (e.g. ClinicalTrials.gov – beginning in July 2005) n nobesity[mh] AND clinicaltrials.gov [si] ¤ ¤ n n n n ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 102 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip 103 QUESTIONS? NEXT CLASS 104 ¨READINGS: Principles, standards, and guidelines that impact test development (Leach, Stevens, Lindsay, Ferrero, & Korkut, 2012) Concluding thoughts on the internationalization of test reviews (Bartram, 2012) Standards (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education, 1999) OPTIONAL: The internationalization of test reviewing (Evers, 2012)