Reporting the research 23l 1 CL Reporting the research 15.1 International style 15.2 Academic and professional reporting 15.3 Public presentation 15.4 Influencing world change J 'Be short, be simple, be human', advised a British civil servant in 1948.' A chapter* writing research reports could end there. But, a world research report potentially has a world readership. This means thiA ing about diverse presentation styles - international and inclusive, academic ani professional, expert and public, local and global. Research hinders (C4.3) may ivsi*' a communications plan, including an open notebook presentation of data througiiouj a project, interim findings and briefing papers for policy-makers and the press, ops access papers online, the use of social media, and an assessment of impact.2 Butfe most important aim is to make research accessible to those who contributed lo 1 and to people who it might directly concern. This all requires a wide range of p-r?t£!1' tation skills and styles,3 This chapter outlines international style, the basics of flWiW and professional Teport writing, public presentation techniques, and how research ou|" comes might contribute to social change on a world scale. At an organizational level, using research outcomes is no longer a one*','-, researcher-to-user 'dissemination' process. It is a dynamic, interactive and a"?1^ ing knowledge-creation-sharing process, as the EU Eionet paradigm suggests ifi^E 15.1).4 Much 'reporting' of 'research findings' is instantaneous, on platforms'* Cmvdwap. D^tal press agencies, such as Citizenside, link thousands of citi.en report ers usmg platforms lake Reporter Kit A smart crowdsourced research project C6 4" «th a popular a,m, simple robust methods and good freeware, could p0teLfc£ evolve into a viral research project, which is taken up in different forms around he world, beyond the control of its instigators, with an infinite life. This would take the concept of 'participatory research' onto a new level. Figure 15.1 Knowledge sharing . Sisii/rt'; fiased un the Euwpaui Eih'iwumtvtItifunmition anil Obscn-inhn Nutv'ork lEhurt). 15.1 International style World research reports obviously need to be written in a way that is accessible to a world audience - in a 'plain' international style. But there is often confusion about , what this means. The present-day expectation is for clear international English (or other language), not obtuse academic language or official legal language. Books like Plain English Guide provide sound advice;5 and Writing for the Internet!'' and Writing fortheMedia7 apply these principles. George Orwell's 'rules', from 1946, were prescient ipfpresent-day standards, and are now available on a Russian website:* Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. J' Newer use a long word where a short one will do. ^ If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. • Never use the passive where you can use the active. • Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of £-.an everyday English equivalent, Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous. 232 Using the findings Reporting the research 233 The style used by the international media - a! Jazeera, Russia Today, BBC, China Daily - provides good examples. These organizations use style-guides such as the Api Stylebook,'1 or those from national press.10 Specialist advice is available from orgariiza-i tions, such as Writing Effectively for WHO" and glossaries from initiatives such as the' IPCC.12 The Wikipedia Manual of Style provides updates.'3 Recent academic textbooks'; and journals, from respectable academic publishers, are a useful guide to modern'; standards. When writing about other countries in another language, think carefully--about when to use indigenous languages and scripts (Box 15.1). Box 15.1 Using other languages and fonts Tenses are confusing, especially when writing in English, and more difficult if you are Chinese. • A research report is a report of something that has happened recently. The text is not yet widely accepted as knowledge, and so it will generally be in the past tense ("The study found that..."). • But literature and theoretical reviews usually use the presenttense to indicate that the ideas dbreflect accepted knowledge and remain current ("Gandhi says that..."). But if it seems appropriate to present an idea as clearly from a past era, use the past tense ("Hitler said that..."). Further advice is on the website. hit - íttS; Tang Ning (International Student Advisor), In international settings, inappropriate terms can cause offence or create significant* misunderstandings, and opinions are constantly changing. Terms such as Lhe '[hire World', 'developing countries' and the economic 'South and North' are losing viablf meaning. The Orientalist construct of the "Far East" is now usually termed 'East Asia', and the 'Middle East' is more sensibly described by the UN as 'West Asia'. 'Ihe West' is also becoming meaningless - not least because from East Asia people ofterj fly east to get to 'the West'. Culturally, 'European-American' seems more accurate. Don't repeat politicized terms unthinkingly. Why call the end ot colonial rule 'ino> pendence', as if a country is like a child, and has just grown up. Isn't 'liberation' ff 'withdrawal of occupying powers' more accurate? Did 5th century Britain brrcitf-'independent' from the Romans? Obviously nationalistic, ethnocentric, paternalist or pejorative statements siicrf be avoided - "Companies in these countries cannot reach international standards. Try not to imply that the people of a nation are all responsible for the actio"--L * their wayward governments - not "The Ugandans are homophobic" when meanly "Ugandan politicians...". Try to use international and local norms for describe? specific groups. But this can be complicated - Americans may use "people of oj • ■ but British writers would use "black", and both may include Asian people. Check styles on relevant international websites such as UN Enable. Listen to how particular people describe themselves, for example on national websites. It is hard to accommodate and respect all cultural traditions and political views when producing content for a world audience. The UNESCO Disarming Histoiy project is evolving useful methods from diplomacy when trying to create documents about places where events are disputed. In general: , At first, only include things that everyone agrees about, using basic language ("Japanese military in Nanjing", not "Nanjing Massacre"). . Circulate initial drafts widely for comment, in relevant languages, and discuss responses openly, . Build acceptance of the process. . Identify international norms as a basis for discussing contentious material (Children's Rights Convention, ICC Statute). í Use international terminology from relevant and objective glossaries and lexicons [WHO, IPCC). • Then work incrementally to agree and phrase contentious material. i If agreement cannot be reached, explain why, and present all views. i Do not trade facts politically, only use agreed material. i Although slow, this builds support for the eventual outcomes. So that documents can be found globally, research projects, documents, websites and other materials need clear international locators, which should be tested on global search engines. This includes: . • a distinctive but informative project title - "Invisible Victims". an explanatory subtitle using the keywords - "Crime and abuse against people with learning disabilities". «:■ the likely Library of Congress profile - where bookshops and libraries might locate publications - "Criminology. Human Rights, Social Work". • consistent meta-data tags - "disability", "victims", "crime" - and hashtags -rlnvisVict. ' a logo, key photos and images - Google Images will demonstrate if image searches lead back to project materials. • key names - researchers, partners, places. links to relevant organizations and projects. If commercial publishers are likely to use the research outputs, check that they agree with this plan. Also check accessibility for people the research concerns - languages, translations of keywords, disability access. Good international journals try to ensure that their publications are accessible and :Ppen to young researchers in less wealthy countries. The Open Data Institute works to make complex information accessible. Second language speakers, and people with read-]nS difficulties, may not be able to scan-read text - they will read in 'series', every word from beginning to end. There are methods to make research accessible for the people -'concerns, even if they have difficulty reading. For blind people, tactile diagrams and Photos can be produced.14 Computers can read documents aloud, but they should be decked - the word "therapist" might be read aloud as "the rapist". Creating documents 234 Using the findings with a clear international style is very similar to the methods used to make documents accessible for people with learning disabilities, such as a simplified parallel text. 15.2 Academic and professional reporting Research reports use two basic forms of text to explain the outcomes of research - the new knowledge and ideas. • Descriptive findings, which present the main facts of the research in a straightforward way, with clarifications but very little opinion. • The narrative (story) which is based on casual chains of evidence and explanations leading to logical conclusions. Iff For any report be aware of copyright, libel and blasphemy laws in the relevant countries ■ (C5.2). Check anonymity. The country where data came from will usually be identifj-able, which can put people in that country at risk. Ip Many books explain academic writing.16 The format of an academic report usually)! includes: Introduction, Literature Review, Theoretical Framework, Methods, Findings?; and initial analysis, Discussion/Further Analysis, Conclusions and implications. Tin website provides an elaboration. Academic theses and dissertations usually neecl|| full description of methods, to demonstrate to examiners that the work is robust. Journal articles require a clear but shorter description, unless the methods are innovative. Good academic style is usually objective, not personal ("The study io:mc that..." not "My research found..."), but using the first person ("I", "my", "me")is' acceptable when it is the simplest way to phrase something ("My family..." may be better than, "The family of the researcher..."). Check about plagiarism, and whether audio and video material can be included. If a report is part of an academic course, check the criteria that examiners use before writing the report (Box ] 5.2). These criteria should be reflected in the Abstract, perhaps in the Introduction, and certainlyin the Conclusion. Examiners will use those sections to assess the whole study quickly. Professional reports need clear evidence-based findings, and a logical discussion ofite-implications. The Royal Geographical Society provides useful advice, especially for field' work.17 Professional research often demands 'problem-solving'18 or 'solution-oriented1* outcomes (C4.2.1) - problems together with solutions. Conclusions go beyond discovering 'what is' to assessing critically 'what could be'.2" The most important part is»ifc executive summary, because this is all that most people will read. Professional repo* usually minimize the discussion of the research methods, perhaps by describing th* in an appendix or website. But often the same things have been said many times befc*-and have changed nothing. One way to deal with this is to present the history of faW as an aspect of the research, and challenge poliq'-makers to do better.21 An academic or professional report may then be the basis for academic pal'c!: or books, but it is rare that a report is simply published commercially in itsorigii^ form. Academic papers need to be framed in specific ways for specific joat!}^ Reporting the research 235 and books need to appeal to a wide audience. Most book publishers want a structured proposal (usually explained in online 'guidance for submissions') and the most important section concerns sales and marketing. An initial research report might also be re-presented to form a funding proposal for further research.21 Box 15.2 The requirements for a thesis or dissertation The dissertation/thesis should: • be clearly written and presented, and use relevant and coherent arguments. ■ take critical account of previous work on the subject. • use, and develop, relevant methods proficiently. • demonstrate that the study is the student's own independent work. . make a significant contribution to learning, through the o discovery of new knowledge, o connection of previously unrelated facts, o development of new theory or methods, o revision of older views. « be of a standard to merit publication, in whole or in part, or in a revised form. [Based on regulations from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London.] 15.3 Public presentation Presenting research to a world audience is demanding. Many 'public understanding' movements specialize in presenting complicated research in effective ways. The journal Public Understanding of Science hosts ongoing discussions,-'1 and risk communication is a special skill.2S Websites such as PublicEngagernent provide useful frameworks and tools for embedding research projects in public domains. Digital data capture makes creating videos and webcasts simple, but audio soundscapes aieunderused and can enhance podcasts and radio programmes. Speaking at international conferences, especially with interpretation, requires planning (Figure sT5.2), This includes thinking about cross-cultural aspects of materials (slides and jvideos), technology use (do your materials work on local systems?), platform position (maintaining contact with audience and media), interpretation (simultaneous :?nd;non-simultaneous), flcldwork presentations (appropriate technologies). This is , explained further on the website. .■■Visualization entails thinking about the design, size, colour, density, emotion, -''d the narrative of informative images.2" Specialists provide a wealth of ideas.27 But fon'tuse anything just for an effect. Do graphs provide better information if shown K 3D blocks or in colour? If not, a basic format is better. Colours and grey shades %n qo not copy or print well - black and white is more transferable. A smart line (--agram might be better than slow online visualizations. For example, a simple Venn ^giam can be used to depict and explain the complicated geopolitics of the 'British 236 Using the findings Reporting the research Isles'. Matching the presentation style to the likely audience is more important thari impressive graphics.-8 Many books explain specific techniques such as flow charts29 ; or process maps,™ and effective 'envisiomngs',-" including PowerPoint32 and quantita-tive information.33 Infographics software includes Adobe Illustrator, the free Inkscape; and Creately, which allows users to work together over the internet. The Wikipedici" page 'infographics' provides updates. JP 1 *4i&- Angolan and Portuguese .speaker, Alfonso Uala C, Fula presents in Russian, {1st European Quality Education Forum, Magna Carta College, in Minsk.) ||f Figure 15.2 Presenting at international conferences j|: There is further information about presenting on the website. Photo: Author's awn ;C If research is to be used in a forensic setting (courts), this may involve showing! persuasive technical slides,'M and providing good audit trails for the evidence. If is necessary to select clear examples, but not to select untypical examples. Opposing lawyers can also examine the same evidence, and can challenge a biased presentation of data. The scope of court evidence is widening. The ICC has accepted children's" drawings as contextual evidence of war crimes in Sudan.35 But smart technologies are simply the tools of presentation, not the content. Anv. presentation is a narrative, and, like innovations in novel writing, cinema, theatre and opera, it is still possible to do new things in old ways. thinking zone: should narratives be's presented backwards? tradition Historical narratives usually start from a significant date in the past, and storX-J?.«; another significant later date. The dates, and remit of the narrative, reflect the histories' ^ traditions of the writer - often wars , laws, and "great men". In contrast, archaeologists and evolutionary theorists often 'reverse engineer' their analysis from a new find or scientific discovery. Similarly, policy analysts might 'back-cast' analysis from a current event to assess how previous policies related to it. think backwards : Map the causal chains - events, ideologies, people, science - of an international issue (gay rights, the ethics of using drones) by drawing a flow chart (or 'tree') backwards from a relevant event (a papal statement, drone attacks in Pakistan). ; Stop at points when data becomes unavailable, unreliable or irrelevant. Use dotted : fines for signicant gaps in data. what's missing? vVh«: •nkjhl m ss'ng froT- Lhs chart bt'ca.'ss cvicency .s: < in another language? • not a text (statues, inscriptions,'intangible heritage')? .. lost, destroyed or hidden? • not accessible through Google? narrative ..Consider how you would write-up this chart as a reverse narrative. ; What might be the differences between this backwards presentation and a traditional .'narrative text? • Are different things included, and excluded?. . ■•«. Are national historical traditions more, or less, controlling? r i Are. different conclusions likely? , • Do the dotted lines suggest areas for potential research? s How might this approach contribute to the UNESCO aim of'disarming history'? .{See: Critical Process Analysis, Figure 12.4.] . 15.4 Influencing world change World research often aims to change things. But it is not easy for individual research-nffi.to meet powerful decision-makers and reach a world audience, and so it is usually ..necessary to work with campaigning or educational organizations. Consider who a would be interested in the research, and why? Who would benefit from it, and how? slight the research contribute to policy, practice or advocacy, and when? Which events would help, and where? Can a website be created, and who will maintain it? sf an the International Studies Association help? ...Research-based arts, created by the people the research concerns, can be vehi-e.^s for change - poetry, pictures, videos, magazines, stories, songs and plays. Artists gainst War is a significant example. Media companies which make 'soap operas' "ky build the research into a story-line. Reproductive health information in Central 238 Using the findings Asia (Silk Road Radio), and justice issues in Rwanda are presented in this way. Social, impact computer games, such as World Without Oil, Pipe Trouble and Desert of Real;::-offer another way to influence people through interactive narratives. Games for Change is evolving strategies for designing effective serious games. Educational materials can be based on research. Distance education programmes; may be interested in research-based material. Issues from findings might be included? in curricula and exam syllabuses. Child-to-child methods can implement health and; related studies. But avoid exaggeration, test out materials, and remember that notj everyone understands sophisticated images and symbolism. When research about malaria was first utilized, villagers took no notice of posters because they had never seen mosquitoes the size of a dog (Figure 15.3). ........-":' ■■ '■ - -■■ ..... .....■■ " ■ .^-"T" - ............wsXKĚKf^t^ Reporting the research! A Chinese malaria education poster Figure 15.3 Massive mosquitoes Conceptual tools are available to analyse and use power groups. The needtojpf 'spaces' for change is central.31' This includes identifying the 'spaces for participation (closed, invited, claimed/created), in relation to visible, hidden and invisible few* of power, at local, national and global levels.57 Researchers should identity 'souiceS structures, positions, relationships and mechanisms, and outcomes ufpowerV-T*5 can be categorized into tools for understanding, organizing and ensuring a"*'-8 and sustainability.-" These approaches recognize that bringing about change i*-^ engaging with powerful people, and therefore understanding the nature of po«% Similar tools are available to support grassroots organizations to achieve change-**- Professional campaigners try to identify agency - what or who will make the difference to a situation? Environmental campaigners might work to change how global nimpanies behave by influencing their insurers or investors. Politicians will respond to likely media ^ coverage. Press editors know that a newspaper can be brought down by advertisers being persuaded to pull out. Large retailers will change practice quickly if they fear consumer boycotts. Since 1995, Transparent' International has used a methodology which has an integral social dränge mechanism, because those asked to contribute to the research -CEOs, politicians, experts, academics - are likely to have an interest in using it.42 Decision-makers, journalists and others who can influence change, are busy people who do not have the time to read long research reports - they need summaries. Short 'findings'41 or 'briefings'14 papers may present key outcomes in a few bullet points on a front page, with elaborations and sources of further information later.45 These should contain clear, and if necessary simplified, descriptions of the research outcomes, but not political rhetoric or simplistic sound bites. Project websites can contain further information, resources and full reports. SMS texting and email alerts should only be used with permission from the recipients, or the impact can be negative. Press and other media receive numerous press releases, and the major outlets usu-ally respond better when these come from known press officers. The basics of creating a press release are on the website, A 'letter to the editor' in a national newspaper may be picked up by journalists on that paper or elsewhere. Investigatory journalists, such as those at India's Tehelka*6 or exaronews.com for business stories, appreciate good evi-. dence of relevant abuses of power, although they may take all the credit for revealing the story. To get a longer factual article accepted entails a brief email to a relevant editor, asking if she or he would be interested to see a full draft. Opportunistic media dissemination can come from using radio phone-ins or programmes that put public questions tohigh profile panellists, and contributing to blogs and other online discussions. Free online repositories such as the Social Science Research Network*7 and SCRIBD can be used to provide open access to full reports/18 The Ranking Web of World Repositories provides details of hundreds of similar sites.'5'' Sage OPEN combines standard peer review and open access to create a repository-style online journal. An internet site could be the ,maiň outcome of a research project, with an archive of reports, and links to similar sites. Support and dissemination comes from sites such as Dkosopedia. Making appropriate roritribuhons to Wikipedia and similar wikis can embed research within overall paradigms. And academics can add their own research to course reading lists to publicize theirwork outside their own departments, and use university data archives. ; Face-to-face meetings with decision-makers can be difficult to manage. Providing 1 clear indication of the content of any meeting will mean they can get other reliant staff to attend, and leaving well-written briefing papers (with contact details) far possible follow-up is essential. Treat the meeting as a chance to enlighten and ^Mrate, not pressurize. Senior people are often shielded from the truth about their 'ttfcjfis, and so a briefing from a well-informed outsider is often very welcome, par-"^larly if it comes at an apposite moment. Government officials will appreciate S°otl evidence if they need to attend an inquiry or international meeting on that 240 Using the findings topic, and CEOs may welcome hearing about a problem within their organization:" before a TV appearance. Finding the windows of opportunity is crucia! - approaching, the right person at the right time with the right information. Another strategy is to present information to accountability organizations. ATI an international level, this might include the ICC, and at a national level evidence! might be submitted to the police or prosecution service, or to formal complaints: agencies such as Trading Standards offices. Formal government inquiries also ofteig; accept evidence from experts and organizations, and may eventually present*]?!' online.5" Shadow sites may accept other material and analysis.51 Professional bodies will usually consider evidence in the form of complaints, and many organization!! specialize in redressing specific forms of abuse of power.52 ;|| Social media sites are significant catalysts for change, for example through a petition on sites like www.cliangc.org. But using social media to promote a research report i|| not always effective, unless there are 'killer facts' which also get the attention of the, mainstream media. The influential sites (at present) include; • Faceboak (and Weibo and Yandex) (networking and information exchange, especially for organizations). • Twitter (sound bites, linked to other material). • Tout (micro video blogs). • Unkedin (to network key researchers). |? • Google Scholar (author profiles to track when reports are used). .sj • Slideshare (sharing presentations). ;§ • VouTube (sharing video material). Social Media for Academics provides ongoing lists, discussions and updates. Sociafnet-working has changed the style of presenting research findings. The Stop Killer Robots^ campaign is an example. To get world attention, claims need to: • use clear terms - 'Killer robots', not 'autonomous unmanned armed aerial vehicles';; • appear new and significant - They have 'dramatically changed warfare, bringing new. humanitarian and legal challenges'. • use simple challenging questions to engage the audience - 'Do machines have the right to decide to take the lives of human beings?' • appeal to normality - 'Take off your uniform. Think of your family.' Social network sites also provide the chance to coordinate numerous similar organs | zations, which increases the legitimacy of a campaign. Avaaz provides a platform fot multidimensional campaigning. WORLDbytes works with citizen journalists. Measuring the impact of research is increasingly important, and increasingly! easy.51 Flag counter counts the nationalities of who visits a site. Studies in a'.'iiKW are developing tools that permit the measurement of web-based activity surrouii4 ing online material. This goes beyond citations, and includes usage statistics, onli* discussions, bookmarking and recommendations," 'Uptake' entails longer W1 embedding of ideas through 'stakeholder involvement' and 'capacity building'* Research for Development (R4D) dashboard is an example. Reporting the research 241 And this all needs to be done with awareness of scams - fake conferences (Figure 15.4), phony journals and book publishers, corrupt commercial interference,56 and countless other ways that online wrongdoers will try to extort money. Others may try to discredit research. Right-wing groups such as American Majority train members to manipulate ratings for books on Amazon, and sentiment for films, to influence keyword searches. PR companies such as the Bivings Group specialize In internet lobbying and attack scientific articles that challenge the companies they work for. So called fact checkers' like Sense About Science (SAS) often make more sense to dubious companies than to scientists.57 Online research papers critical of the Chinese government may be attacked by thousands of individuals paid by the Chinese government.58 The Israeli government arranges 'scholarships' for students who manipulate social media to present Israel positively.5" And, of course, these nuisance people have their own research methodologies. Apparently, Nigerian scammers don't hide their nationality, because they need to filter out the mass of smart people at an early stage in the relationship."" . Scamwamers.com can help, but common sense is essential, in cyberspace, and everywhere else, research presentation should be short, simple, human, and smart. THETRICKS -......HepecbinaeMDe coofimeHwe------ Ot Koro: United Nations Komv:xxxxxxxxxxxx flaTa: Sun, 4 May 2014 15:28:47 +0200 (CEST) Tewia: Invitation: UN World Partnership Summit on Sustainable Development 24fh - 27th June. 2014, London, United Kingdom. Dear Invitee, Nonprofit/NGO Colleague, On behalf of the organizing and scientific working committee, the United Nations Department for Sustainable Development (UN-DSD) invites you to a Four-day summit,,. THE MISTAKES j Email address copies the UN style. It targets places where awareness is less, and the need for free travel is more, 'Invitee' and 'invite' makes recipient (eel special. ■ The 'UNWPS' does not exist. There is no mention of this 'Summit' on search engines. The 'UN Department for Sustainable Development' does not exist. It is a 'division) which does not use the abbreviation 'DSD! Anyone who applied would probably be asked to pay a large deposit for the hotel, and hear no mora" _ Full version on 1 he website. figure 15.4 Fake conferences main ideas aTtie first aim is to reach research participants, and others who have a direct interest in the research. This may mean producing reports using: ■ ■ relevant local languages. ■ accessible formats for people with disabilities. International presentation of research requires thinking about: -the laws of libel and copyright, and the safety of researchers and others involved in s : a piece of research. * a clear style of writing. An academic report for experts will include technical details ;: to provide convincing testable evidence. A professional report will minimize technical details and provide good summaries. Using the findings • the criteria that examiners may use to assess theses and dissertations. • effective presentation techniques - current trends in communications and publishing; using online resources - tools to create effective visualizations and assess the impact and uptake of online research, online repositories and social media. Achieving world change entails: » identifying the 'spaces'for achieving change - the 'windows of opportunity'. • using a solution-oriented style - problems presented together with proposals for solving them. • being aware of seems and the misuse of research by others. ■—-~—•—........——- key reading- Cornwall, A. and Coehlo, V. (eds) (2006) Spaces for Change? The Politics of Citizens Participation in New Democratic Arenas. London: Zed Books. Cutts, M. (1999) Plain English Guide: How to Write Clearly and Communicate Better. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Denicolo, P. and Becker, L. (2011) Success in Publishing Journal Articles. London: Sage. Few, 5. (2004) Show Me the Numbers.' Designing Tables and Graphs to Enlighten, Oakland, CA: Analytics Press. McCandless, D. (2010) information is Beautiful. London: Collins. Pinker, S. (2014) The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century. London: Allen Lane. Richardson, L. (1990) Writing Strategies: Reaching Diverse Audiences. London: Sage online resources To access the resources - search on the name in italics, use the http, or search on tie generic term in 'quote marks'. Royal Geographical Society - recording your expedition - www.rgs.org/OurWork/ Publications/EAC+publicatians/Expedition+Handbook/Recording+your+expedition.htm AP Stylebook - www.apstylebook,com/?do=product Writing Effectively for WHO - www.colelearning.net/who/ IPCC climate change glossaries - www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publication5_ and_data_glossary.shtml Research for Development - dashboard - http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/UsageDashboard.35px" Artists Against War - cultural campaigning - www.artistsagainstwar.ca/ Stop Killer Robots - campaign against automatic drone killing - www.stopkillerratiiJts. org/learn/ Social Media for Academics - www.andymiah.net/2012/12/30/the-a-to-z-of-sociar media-for-academics/ Flag counter - http://s09.flagcounter.com/index.html Games for Change - serious games for social justice Glossary abroad out of a "home" country alien belonging to another place anarchy 'without a ruler' - the absence of a hierarchical system of government area study research or facts about a geographic region, structured in a way that makes comparisons possible Asymmetrical not evenly formed Mg data data sets that are too big, too fast or slow, loo diverse (sources and types) and/or too complex to be managed and analysed by traditional systems bilateral between two countries bishopric the province of a bishop border a political boundary which requires permission to cross : citizens those who have a right to live in a particular state, nationals city state a city that claims the status of a state civilization a people with a shared history and culture wilizational state a large state that claims legitimacy on the basis of a shared history and culture wllc-ctive defence an agreement that an attack on one country amounts to an attack on all colony a settlement in a conquered or acquired place comparative method an old and now discredited approach to comparing peoples on the :"|>o!it.in an undivided view of humanity and power 244 Doing International Research: Global and Local Methods country the territory or land of a people or nation country case study a bounded study of a country or issue within a country cross-border crosses national boundaries crowds the masses, non-elites, 'down-system' people cultural imperialism using the culture of a powerful group to dominate others culture 'a design for living' (Kluckhohn and Kelly) democracy rule by the people development an unfolding to its potential development assistance financial and technical aid to less developed countries diplomacy a process that 'enables states to secure their foreign polices without resort to force, propaganda, or law' (Berridge) donors countries that give aid to less wealthy countries Earth the name of our planet elites select groups, 'up-system' people empire a large territory governed by 'emperors' environmentalism an organized concern for the environment ethnic nationalism the use of race to legitimize a nation or nationalist ideology ethnicity identity, a general ancestry or cultural heritage ethnocentric believing in the centrality and paramount importance of one's own people ethnology the study of groups on the basis of race eugenics the spurious "improvement" of a people on the basis of genetics exceptionalist a belief within a group that it is different from, and better than, others ■ expansionism increasing the territory of a state by extending its borders fiefdom land given by a superior to a subordinate in return for loyalty and/or militar' support foreign happening, or came from, elsewhere global relating to parts of the whole world; worldwide global commons shared areas not part of nation states global governance a process of regulation intending to have global reach, translation* . governance globalization a process that affects a sector of the world glocal 'think global, act local' governance rule that is not based on an enforceable system of laws Glossary 245 humanitarian assistance help for people suffering emergencies or disasters humanity the number and nature of the people of the whole world idealism an approach to international relations based on what ought to be - human rights, riN codes, internationalisation, etc (see realism) ideology' a system of ideas (usually about social fife) in-group insiders insiders those who have a "we" relationship international between nations international community a non-specific group of state and non-state actors who share common values about human rights and global problems international organizations formal bodies that work between nations international relations the bilateral and multilateral interactions across national borders lands territories legitimate accepted or successful locution a specific point relative to other criteria minority a group with less power mitigating reducing the detrimental aspects multilateral between more than two countries multinational across many nations ■■: nation a territorial people with a shared history, identity, culture, language and/or ethnicity nationalistic an excessive national ideology nationals people who belong to a nation neucolonial a new form of colonialism nihilism (ontology) a belief that nothing truly exists nominalism (ontology) arguing that existence comes from an interplay of experiences and > mental events ~ others "them" rather than "us" "it-group outsiders ; outsiders those who do not have a "we" relationship overseas abroad Jan- all , Pwples a body of persons sharing a common culture, language, history or inherited i/^ndition of Hfe' ; ?'ace a physical area which may imply other things such as historic significance 246 Doing International Research: Global and Local Methods planet a major celestial body orbiting a star planetary pertaining to the planet postcolonial after being a colony posthuman beyond a human state principality the dominion of a prince realism an approach to international relations based on the reality of what is (see idealism);; (ontology) accepting that anything that is a noun exists ;ft region a place defined geographically, political or culturally, often embracing smaller places rights moral principles of human behaviour, often entitlements J| scientific racism the application of spurious scientific methods to demonstrate thej; inferiority of other ethnic groups :|| security regime the rules for security arrangements sovereign state a territory that has a permanent population, a government, and the, capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states j§ sovereignty ultimate authority within a denned territory :J| space a teal or imagined area that may have political meaning state crime abuses of power that are committed or permitted by governments stateless peoples cultural groups without citizenship or nationality stereotype something continued or repeated unthinkingly supra-national above nations supremacist claiming a right to rule "inferior" groups system a whole composed of parts in orderly arrangement according to some scfcenfi!' or plan territory a tract of land, or district, of unidentified boundaries transhuman spanning a human and a non-human state transnational across nations tribal land territory used by groups united by kinship or other close ties universal pertaining to everything or everyone world the Earth, together with all of its countries and peoples worldview an outlook encompassing the whole of an individual's or group's knowlslp and opinions xenophobic a fear strangers 01 foreigners References How to use this book 1. 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