BSS 187/487 Seminar in Managing 21st Century Conflicts Professor Schuyler Foerster Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Social Studies Department of Political Science Masaryk University 18-21 Apr – 25-27 Apr – 2-5 May – 16 (-17) May 8:00 – 9:30 am Course Objectives üChanging nature of conflict in the 21st century üStrategies for conflict management and resolution üRole of international institutions in managing conflict üUnited Nations üRegional organizations (e.g., NATO, Africa Union, etc) üInternational law … international norms üState vs. individual responsibility üNational sovereignty & “responsibility to protect” üPeacekeeping vs. Peacemaking vs. Peacebuilding üEmploying diplomacy, economic development, & military force ü ü Course Requirements üWritten essays (40%) – 2 x 20 points ~ 750-1,000 words üConflict Management Simulation & Point Paper (15%) üTeam point paper (bullet paper) + Role playing in simulation üCase Study Research & Presentation (30%) üTeam presentation (30 minutes + 15 minutes Q&A) – 10 points üTeam case study paper (due 16 May) – 20 points üSeminar preparation, engagement, participation (15%) üPrepare üEngage üParticipate A – 90-100% B – 80-89% C – 70-79% D – 60-69% E– 50-59% F – 0-49% Course Resources üCrocker, Hampson, Aall (eds). Rewiring Regional Security in a Fragmented World (US Institute of Peace, 2011) [FSS Lib Reserve] üChapter 2 (Andreani) & Chapter 3 (Williams & Haake) … ++ üPosted on IS: üGlobal Risks 2035, Atlantic Council, November 2016 üGlobal Trends 2035, National Intelligence Council, January 2017 üBellamy, Responsibility to Protect üGreg & Diehl, Peacekeeping-Peacemaking Dilemma üInternet Links üUN Documents (UN Charter & Responsibility to Protect) ü ü Course Overview I Substantive Foundation ü18.4: Legacy of Conflict in the 20th Century ü19.4: Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century ü20.4: International Law & Institutions for Conflict Management ü21.4: “Responsibility to Protect” ü25.4: Peacekeeping/Peacemaking/Peace Enforcement/Peacebuilding üEssay #1 Due in Class (20 points) üThe changing nature of conflict in the 21st century has led to a new concept of “responsibility to protect,” which directly challenges the traditional view of state sovereignty. Explain and assess this argument. Course Overview II Two-Day Conflict Management Simulation ü26.4 & 27.4 – Conflict Management Simulation üSetting … an African country üCivil war with sectarian conflicts overlaid on political conflict üNotional Teams: üThe Government (political & military leadership) üThe Opposition (political & military leadership) üUNSC Member State with ties to the government (pol & mil leadership) üUNSC Member State with ties to the opposition (pol & mil leadership) üOffice of the UN Deputy Secretary General for Peacekeeping üLeadership of UN Peacekeeping force on the ground in the country Course Overview III Case Study Presentations (10 points) üTuesday, 2.5 üCivil/Sectarian Conflict – Libya üCivil/Sectarian Conflict – Sudan üWednesday, 3.5 üInternational Terrorism – Afghanistan üInternational Terrorism – Syria üThursday, 4.5 üNuclear Proliferation – Iran üNuclear Proliferation – North Korea üTEAM Presentation: üBrief description of conflict üWhy important üOverview attempts at conflict management üResults üFormat: ü30 minutes ü15 minutes Q&A/critique üPowerPoint Course Overview IV Final Products – Due TUESDAY, 16 MAY üNote: No Class week of 8-12 May üSubmit TEAM Case Study Paper (20 points) üComprehensive (what, when, where, why, how … assess results) üIncorporate feedback from class presentation üSubmit Essay #2 (20 points) üSummarize and explain (with examples) what you believe are the three most important lessons for states and international institutions in managing future international conflict. ü Legacy of Conflict in the 20th Century üSession 1 üTuesday, 18 April Modern State System Internationalization of Hobbes’ Leviathan üWestphalian origins of modern state system üState-to-state … self-help system, based on reciprocity üNational sovereignty & balance of power üTerritorial foundations of aggression üPolitical power üEconomic resources (land, labor, natural resources) üGrowth of military technology üOffense over defense – threat to territory üPost-Napoleonic emergence of “total war” ü Century of Total War The end of humanity … or of war? üLate 19th century … recognition of war’s destructiveness ü1898-99 Hague Conventions ~ Jus in bello … regulate weapons üWorld War I ~ 9 million casualties üCollapse of 4 empires … exhaustion of 2 others üLeague of Nations ~ collective security, not balance of power üEfforts to outlaw war (Kellogg-Briand), regulate weapons (Naval) üE.H. Carr, The Twenty-Years Crisis üWorld War II ~ 55-60 million casualties üEnd of remaining empires over next 30 years (45 counting USSR) üU.S. emerged dominant (again) ~ Cold War containment The Nuclear & Missile Age A new form of societal vulnerability üThe Absolute Weapon (Bernard Brodie, 1946) ü“Thus far the chief purpose of our military establishment has been to win wars. From now on its chief purpose must be to avert them. It can have almost no other purpose.” üMissile age ~ unavoidable societal vulnerability üEffects: üRestraint on great power conflict üGreat power restraints on “client” conflicts üUnited Nations only mildly relevant to managing conflict End of the Cold War A fleeting opportunity ü“Unfreezing” of persistent, historical conflicts üBalkans – Caucasus – Middle East – Africa üPeriod of effectiveness for “imagined” collective security üUN in Iraq/Kuwait, Somalia, Haiti üBirth of “peacemaking” ~ Balkans üSuccess depended on superpower/great power cooperation üPost 9.11 … neither balance of power nor collective security üNew kind of vulnerabilities ~ disruptive globalization, radicalism üGreat power cooperation only if interests directly threatened üLittle great power “control” over other conflict-driving forces … ü ü Look ahead to Wednesday 19.4 üSources of Conflict in the 21st Century üAndreani, Global Conflict Management and the Pursuit of Peace, in Crocker, Chapter 2 [FSS Library and internet link] üGlobal Risks 2035: The Search for a New Normal, Atlantic Council Strategy Paper, November 2016 [posted in IS] üExecutive Summary üGlobal Trends 2035: The Paradox of Progress, U.S. National Intelligence Council Report, January 2017 [posted in IS] üExecutive Summary Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century üSession 2 üWednesday, 19 April Global Trends 2035 üAuthor – National Intelligence Council üEvery 4 years … delivered to President in January 2017 ü“Trends” are not “predictions” üTheme – “Paradox of Progress” ü“The achievements of the industrial and information ages are shaping a world that is both more dangerous and richer in opportunity than ever before ….” üRising tensions within and between countries üStates remain relevant: China & Russia emboldened ü The Paradox … and Challenge ü“The progress of past decades is historic—connecting people, empowering individuals, communities, and states, and lifting a billion people of out of poverty…. üBut it also spawned shocks like the Arab Spring, 2008 Global Financial Crisis, and populist, anti-establishment politics.” üFragile achievements … deep shifts in global landscape … uncertain future Choices … [not predictions] üHow will individuals, groups, and governments renegotiate their expectations of one another to create political order …? üTo what extent will major state powers, as well as individuals and groups, craft new architectures of international cooperation and competition? üTo what extent will governments, groups, and individuals prepare now for multifaceted global issues like climate change and transformative technologies? Global Risks 2035 üAuthor – Matthew Burrows (wrote NIC Global Trends 2030) ü“To many, we live in dark times … [but] the world is in a better place than it has ever been…” [Brent Scowcroft’s Foreword] ü“In the four years since Global Trends 2030 was published, the biggest change in the world is the increased risk of major conflict. … Now, the post-Cold War security order has broken down, and the consequences are immense, potentially threatening globalization.” [First sentence of Executive Summary ~ punchline] üWritten before the 2016 election üNote “100-day checklist” before Executive Summary Global Risks 2035 üUnraveling at Home üIndividual empowerment üDemographic crunch üMalthusian world for the very poorest üTechnology with increasing downside üBreakdown of the Post-Cold War Order üConflict risk at highest level since Cold War üNo end in sight of Middle East stability üChina’s swing role üNo clear path to ‘post-Western’ order ü Top 10 Key Trends Trends converging at unprecedented pace 1.Political power is diffusing 2.The rich are aging, the poor are not 3.The global economy – and the nature of work – are shifting 4.Technology accelerates progress but causes discontinuities 5.Populations move to seek opportunity, escape desolation 6.Ideas and identities drive a wave of exclusion 7.Expectations of government exceed governments’ capacity 8.Nature of conflict is changing – civ/mil … hybrid … lethality 9.Climate change, environment, health issues need focus 10.International institutions declining in legitimacy Trends … not predictions üGlobal Risks 2035 üAlternative Futures … üFragmented World üNew Cold War üAgeless World üStrange Bedfellows üUrban Oasis üGlobal Trends 2035 üAlternative Scenarios … üIslands üEconomic dislocation üOrbits üRegional conflicts üCommunities üChallenge to government So how does the international community manage conflict in such worlds? Look ahead to Thursday 20.4 üInt’l Institutions & Conflict Management & Resolution üCharter of the United Nations [UN website, internet link] üChapter I – Purposes & Principles üChapter IV – General Assembly [note Articles 10-12, 18] üChapter V – Security Council [note Articles 24, 25, 27] üChapter VI – Pacific Settlement of Disputes [skim] üChapter VII – Actions with respect to threats to the peace … üNote Articles 39-42, 48-49, 51 … also Chapter VIII üWilliams & Haake, Regional Approaches to Conflict Management, in Crocker, Chapter 3 [FSS Library, internet link] International Institutions for Conflict Management & Resolution üSession 3 üThursday, 20 April Charter of the United Nations Preamble üWe the peoples of the United Nations … twice in our lifetime … untold sorrow to mankind … ü… to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, to the dignity of the human person, of the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small … üAccordingly, our respective Governments … have agreed to the present Charter … Charter of the United Nations Chapter I – Purposes & Principles üPurposes (Article 1) üTo maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures … üPrinciples (Article 2) 2.… shall fulfill in good faith the obligations … 3.… shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means … 4.… shall refrain from the threat or use of force … 5.… shall give the UN every assistance in any action it takes … 6.… shall ensure that states who are not Members act in accordance … Charter of the United Nations Chapter I – Purposes & Principles [cont] ü#1 …The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. ü… ü#7 … Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII. ü Charter of the United Nations Chapter IV – General Assembly üFunctions and Powers (Article 10-15) ü… may discuss any question or matters … ü… may consider the general principles of cooperation … ü… may make recommendations to the Security Council … ü… may call the attention of the Security Council to situations … üWhile the Security Council is exercising … the General Assembly shall not make any recommendations with regard to … ü… shall initiate studies … shall receive and consider reports … üVoting (Article 18): Decisions … on important questions … two-thirds vote … shall include recommendations. Charter of the United Nations Chapter V – Security Council üMembership (Article 23, amended) ü15 … including Permanent 5 [CH, FR, RU, UK, US] üFunctions and Powers (Articles 24-25) ü… Members confer upon the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that … the Security Council acts on its behalf. ü The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. üVoting (Article 27, amended) ü… affirmative vote of 9 members including the concurring votes of the permanent members Charter of the United Nations Chapter VI – Pacific Settlement of Disputes üThe parties to any dispute, the continuation of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. [Art. 33] üThe Security Council may investigate any dispute … recommend any appropriate procedures or methods … üCan the UN “solve” problems under Chapter VI? Charter of the United Nations Chapter VII – Action with respect to threats … üThe Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures … [Art 39] üThe Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed … [Art 41] üShould the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate …, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. … … [Art 42] ü Charter of the United Nations Chapter VII – Action with respect to threats … üThe action required to carry out the decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be taken by all the Members … [Art 48] üSuch decisions shall be carried out by the Members of the United Nations directly and through their action in the appropriate international agencies of which they are members. üThe Members of the United Nations shall join in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security Council. [Art 49] ü Charter of the United Nations Chapter VII – Article 51 üNothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. üMeasures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security. What it means … üThe power of the UN is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members … üBUT … that principle is ‘qualified’ by the recognition that some actions by sovereigns within their domestic jurisdiction will have implications for “international peace and security.” üThe Charter envisions circumstances in which—under Chapter VII—the principle of sovereignty can be overruled … ü… and gives the Security Council the authority to do so. üAlso recognizes that states may take matters into their own hands (Article 51) … but is this an unconditional right? Look ahead to Friday 21.4 ü“Responsibility to Protect”: An Emerging Norm? üThe Responsibility to Protect: Background & 2005 UN Summit [UN website; internet links] üThe Responsibility to Protect, Rwanda Genocide & the UN üBellamy, The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of Military Intervention, 2008 [posted in IS] üNote Essay #1 due Tuesday, 25 April: üThe changing nature of conflict in the 21st century has led to a new concept of “responsibility to protect,” which directly challenges the traditional view of state sovereignty. Explain and assess this argument. “Responsibility to Protect:” An Emerging Norm? üSession 4 üFriday, 21 April Evolution of the Concept How to prevent Rwanda, Srebenica … ~ UN norms üInternational Commission on Intervention & State Sovereignty (ICISS), December 2001 üFrom “sovereignty as control” to “sovereignty as responsibility” üNot “whether to intervene” but “whether to protect” üUN SYG High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, December 2004 [101 recommendations, including R2P] üChanging definition of security, threats, self-defense üUN SYG Report, In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, 2005 … [prelude to 2005 UN Summit] ü“Time has come for governments to be held to account, both to their citizens and to each other…” 2005 UN Summit Document Paragraph 138 üEach individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. üThis responsibility entails the prevention of such crimes, including their incitement, through appropriate and necessary means. üWe accept this responsibility and will act in accordance with it. üThe international community should, as appropriate, encourage this responsibility and support the United Nations in establishing an early warning capability. 2005 UN Summit Document Paragraph 139 üThe international community, through the UN, also has the responsibility to use appropriate, diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means, in accordance with Chapters VI and VIII of the Charter, to help protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. üIn this context, we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including Chapter VII, on a case-by-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizations, as appropriate, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authorities manifestly fail to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. … Implementation? ü2006 – UNSCR 1706 re Darfur üSupport for African Union efforts üSupport implementation of Darfur Peace Agreement üAdded 17,300 troops & 3,300 civilians to UNMIS ü… to monitor and verify implementation … ü… to observe and monitor movements of armed groups … ü… to investigate violations … ü… to maintain a presence … ü… to assist … ü ü ü Libya 2011 üUNSC Resolution 1973: ü“Deploring the failure of the Libyan authorities to comply ...” ü“Reiterating the responsibility of the Libyan authorities to protect the Libyan population ...” üActing under Chapter VII ü“Authorizes ... To take all necessary measures ... to protect civilians and civilian populated areas ü“... while excluding a foreign occupation force ....” üEnforce no fly zone ... Enforce arms embargo ... Ban on flights ... Freeze assets ... Restrict travel Other cases üCôte d’Ivoire (2011) üCite Chapter VII authority üFormer President transferred to Int’l Criminal Court (ICC) üSouth Sudan (2011) üCite Chapter VII authority üPeacekeeping mission to protect civilians üYemen (2011) – no Chapter VII üCentral African Republic (2013) – admonished authorities Syria? üWhat is the AUTHORITY of the Security Council? üWhat is the RESPONSIBILITY of the Security Council? ü ü“In this context, we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including Chapter VII, on a case-by-case basis …” ü üDo others have a responsibility when UNSC does not act? Look ahead to Tuesday, 25.4 üPeacekeeping – Peacemaking – Peace Enforcement - Peacebuilding üOverview of UN Peacekeeping [UN website, internet link] üGrieg & Diehl, “The Peacekeeping-Peacemaking Dilemma,” International Studies Quarterly, December 2005 [posted in IS] üStand by for email on next week’s crisis simulation üStart work within your case study team üNote Essay #1 due Tuesday, 25 April: üThe changing nature of conflict in the 21st century has led to a new concept of “responsibility to protect,” which directly challenges the traditional view of state sovereignty. Explain and assess this argument. Peacekeeping Peacemaking Peace Enforcement Peace Building üSession 5 üTuesday, 25 April Definitions üPeace keeping – following a truce üProtect civilians … disarmament, demobilization, reintegration … support elections rule of law, promote human rights üPeace making – conflict in process ü“Usually” diplomatic ~ “Good offices,” mediation, negotiations üPeace enforcement – conflict is raging üApplication of coercive measures ~ Chapter VII üPeace building – after cessation of hostilities üLay basis for sustainable peace ~ long term, civil activities üGovernance, economic development, democratization Peacekeeping üPrinciples üConsent of the parties üImpartiality üNon-use of force except in self-defense & to defend mandate üOperations ü71 since 1948 – 56 since 1988 – 16 currently üAfrica (9): Western Sahara, Central African Republic, Mali, Congo, Darfur, Abyei, South Sudan, Ivory Coast, Liberia üMiddle East (3): Syria, Lebanon, Sinai üEurope (2): Cyprus, Kosovo üAsia (1): India-Pakistan üLatin America (1): Haiti Issues üBlurred lines of peacekeeping as “umbrella” for range of peacekeeping/making/enforcement/building activities üChapter VI ~ consent of sovereign government üChapter VII ~ not required if UNSC approves üWho provides the troops? üWho trains the troops? üWho pays for the troops? üMandate & “Rules of Engagement” (ROE)? Look ahead … üWednesday-Thursday … 25-26 April üCrisis Simulation ~ Sudan/Darfur üTEAM Point Papers on objectives due in class 25 April üTuesday-Wednesday-Thursday … 2-4 May üCase Study Presentations ü20-30 minutes … with PowerPoint üTEAM reports due in class Tuesday, 16 May üTuesday, 16 May – Lessons Learned [Final Class] üTeam reports … also Essay #2 due in class Conflict Management Simulation üSessions 6 & 7 üWednesday, 26 April üThursday, 27 April Sudan & Darfur – Crisis Sim 100118-004-39DD2BC0.jpg Two other Sudan Peacekeeping Missions: •Abyei region •South Sudan Sudan/Darfur Background üCross-cutting sources of conflict üArab vs. non-Arab (blacks) üIslamist vs. non-Islamist/Christian üSedentary agricultural communities vs. nomadic herders üDrought since 1980’s … loss of land & water, famine ü2003 uprising against Sudanese government in Khartoum üRebels successful hit-and-run tactics üGovernment embarrassed ~ responded violently üUN estimates ~ 400,000 killed … 3 million displaced … since 2003 üSep 2004 – US Sec State Colin Powell called it “genocide” Players [simplified!] üGovernment: üPresident Omar al-Bashir üSupported by military, police, Janjaweed Arab militias üJanjaweed funded/supplied by government, which denies it üSupported by China [oil] … Iran [until 2016] & Saudi [after 2016?] üRebels: üSudanese Liberation Movement (SLM) üJustice & Equality Movement (JEM) üSupported by France, other European countries UN Actions [also simplified!] ü2005 Humanitarian Cease Fire üAfrican Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) – 2005 ü“Monitoring mission” … grew from 300 to 7,000 ü2006 Darfur Peace Agreement -- Government & SLA üRejected by JEM and rival SLA factions ü115 page agreement ~ power sharing, demilitarize militias, referendum on future status, humanitarian aid üBashir rejected 20,000 UN peacekeeping force ~ 10,000 Sudanese üMore casualties, dislocations, rape, aerial bombardment of civilians UNSCR 1706 (‘06) & 1769 (‘07) UN Africa Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) üFirst joint UN-African Union peacekeeping effort ~ R2P üCited UN Charter Chapters VII & VIII ü12-0 … China, Russia, Qatar abstained üExpand UNMIS mandate ~ 17,300 troops & 3,300 civilians ü… to monitor and verify implementation … ü… to observe and monitor movements of armed groups … ü… to investigate violations … ü… to maintain a presence … and assist … ü… to prevent attacks and threats against citizens üUNMIS/AU efforts merged – UNAMID extended annually üBy 2016-17 reduced to 15,000 military, 3,500 civilian/police ü Since 2006 üPersistent but lower levels of violence, occasional flare-ups üOccasional government offensives ü2016 – reported CW attack on civilians by Gov’t forces üDiplomatic breakthrough – 2011 Doha Peace Accord üUN-brokered … Darfuri Vice President [never happened] üCompensation fund for victims [never paid] üInternational Criminal Court ü2008 – al-Bashir indicted for genocide, murder, crimes vs. humanity üArab League & African Union reject; FR threatened to force arrest ü ü ü Roles! üKyselý, Vojtěch - SLA Leader üKozová, Petra - SLA Faction Leader üVorda, Alana - JEM Leader üBátria, Michael - Rebel Mil Cdr üBrezden, Barbara - FR President Chlustinová, Natálie - FR For Min üJakobczyk, Monika – FR Def Min ü üŽilinčík, Samuel – Sudan Pres Bashir üSalazar, Lucero – Sudan Vice Pres üNevrayeva, Darya – Sudan For Min üDvořáček, Marek - Janjaweed Cdr üKling, Katharina – CH Premier üMatiushenko, Viktoriia – CH Foreign üRekšáková, Terézia – CH Energy •UN Deputy SecGen for Peacekeeping üGoksadze, Tamar [Taco] üShanidze, Dachi üVinkler, Pavel •UNAMID Commanders in Sudan üAlekseeva, Alexandra - UNMIS üJaničatová, Silvie - AU Scenario – April 2018 üUNAMID mandate extended until June 30, 2018 (in 2017) ü15,000 military personnel + 2,500 civilian police üJanuary – Chad expels 200,000 refugees back to Sudan üRefugees seeking to return to Darfur under protection üFebruary – Government offensive against Darfur region üAerial bombardment, Janjaweed raids, reported CW use ü1,000+ killed … 25,000 displaced in one week üArms from China, Russia; funding from Saudi Arabia üDebate among rebel factions about utility of continued talks üUN Sec Gen seeks guidance on next steps … including extension Press Briefing #1 – 26 April üSudan Tribune, 26 April. Bombs rocked the capital of Khartoum this morning as 3 explosions occurred in the main market square, in a government services building, and in the main tourist information office. üAl Qaeda in the Maghreb has taken credit for the attacks. üInterior Ministry spokesman declared that this was further proof that the so-called Sudanese Liberation Movements was really a front organization for radical Islamist terrorism. üRiyadh Times, 26 April. A member of the Saudi Royal Family is quoted as having referred to President Omar al-Bashir as an “opportunist” whom we can use but should not trust. ü Breaking News – 26.4-1 üReuters. Following earlier explosions in Khartoum, a suicide bomber rammed a truck full of explosives into a critical control facility for the Greater Nile Oil Pipeline outside Khartoum. The building suffered extensive damage. The pipeline carries oil from South Sudan and the Nile valley to the Port of Sudan facility. Breaking News – 26.4-2 üBBC. Riots broke out in al-Junaynah (western Darfur) today, as food distribution points began to turn people away because of lack of food. A local spokesman for Oxfam said the system had been overwhelmed by the new flood of refugees expelled earlier this year from Chad. üHe also reported that local residents were becoming violent in their treatment of refugees, and angry mobs were forming outside the UNAMID base near al-Junaynah. Breaking News – 26.4-3 üAgence France Presse. Anonymous French intelligence sources reported that there are indications from social media of growing impatience within the ranks of the SLM and a demand for a new offensive against the government of Sudan. üOne SLM rebel reportedly said on Twitter, “if the world will not get rid of the war criminal, al-Bashir, we will.” Press Briefing #2a – 27 April üSudan Times. According to an Interior Ministry spokesman: üYesterday’s bombings in Khartoum’s market, government, and tourist buildings resulted in 15 people dead, and several hundred had flooded area hospitals with injuries. üThere were no casualties at the Greater Nile Oil Pipeline control station that had been hit by a suicide bomber in a truck. However, the station had been extensively damaged, and it would take several weeks before it return to service. üAdditional inspections of the pipeline revealed several satchels of unexploded makeshift bombs, indicating a much more widespread attack. No one has yet claimed responsibility for that bombing. Press Briefing #2b – 27 April üCNN. International press headlines highlighted the growing violence in Darfur, as thousands of refugees continued to overwhelm food distribution centers and other NGO services. üProtests built yesterday outside UN Headquarters in New York, after pictures of the chaos in Darfur went viral on social media. Breaking News – 27.4-1 üReuters. More explosions in Sudan this morning, this time near al-Junaynah (western Darfur), when a suicide bomber tried to ram a truck into the UN compound. The truck blew up at the gate, and three Africa Union guards were killed along with the suicide bomber. No one else was injured. üAl Qaeda in the Maghreb claimed credit for this attack, but this could not be readily corroborated. Breaking News – 27.4-2 üAgence France Presse. Homemade “Molotov” cocktails were thrown into the compound of the French Embassy in Khartoum this morning, as a mob of hooded militia, shouting “Allahu Akbar,” tried to force their way into the Embassy grounds. Five attackers were killed before the mob was turned back. üEmbassy personnel said they were trying to determine the identity of the dead attackers. üIn a public statement, the French Ambassador said that the Government of Sudan had a legal responsibility to assist in ensuring the security of embassies. Case Study Presentations üSessions 8-9-10 üTuesday, 2 May (Civil/Sectarian Conflict) üWednesday, 3 May (International Terrorism) üThursday, 4 May (Nuclear Proliferation) ü Look ahead to Tue-Thu 2-4 May üCase Study TEAM Presentations ü2 May: Sectarian Civil Conflict – Libya & Sudan ü3 May: International Terrorism – Afghanistan & Syria/ISIS ü4 May: Nuclear Proliferation – Iran & North Korea üContent & Format ü20-30 minutes … with PowerPoint … then 15-20 min class critique 1.Brief description of conflict and why it is important 2.Brief overview of attempts by international community, regional organizations, states, & non-state actors to manage/resolve the conflict 3.Brief description & assessment of the results of those efforts üFinal TEAM written report due in class Tuesday, 16 May üNO Class on 9-10-11-12 May ü Case Studies – Tuesday, 2 May Sectarian Civil Conflict üLibya üAlekseeva, Alexandra üGoksadze, Tamar [Taco] üJaničatová, Silvie üVinkler, Pavel üSudan üKozová, Petra üRekšáková, Terézia üŽilinčík, Samuel Case Studies – Wednesday, 3 May International Terrorism üAfghanistan üKyselý, Vojtěch üMatiushenko, Viktoriia üShanidze, Dachi üSyria/ISIS üBátria, Michael üBrezden, Barbara üJakobczyk, Monika Case Studies – Thursday, 4 May Nuclear Proliferation üIran üDvořáček, Marek üSalazar, Lucero Guadalupe üVorda, Alana üNorth Korea üChlustinová, Natálie üKling, Katharina üNevrayeva, Darya Look ahead to Tuesday, 16 May ~ Last Class ~ üLessons Learned: Managing Future International Conflict üTEAM Case Study Report due in class üEssay #2 [individual ~ 20 points] due in class: üSummarize and explain (with examples) what you believe are the three most important lessons for states and international institutions in managing future international conflict. ü Lessons Learned? Managing Future International Conflict üSession 11 üTuesday, 16 May üTEAM Case Studies Due ü[Individual] Essay #2 Due