WORK-FAMILY POLICIES IN CROATIA
AND SLOVENIA: POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
THROUGH GENDER LENS
IVANA DOBROTIĆ
UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY OF LAW,
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK, SOCIAL
POLICY CHAIR
Brno, April 25th 2017, Erasmus+ program
Outline
Socio-economic and cultural context
WFPs development
Short view in history
Postcommunist transformation
Crisis impact
Current WFPs
Strategic differences
Differences in policy instruments
 Policy implications of different developmental paths
GDPper capita, €
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
GDP per capita 2005 GDP per capita 2015
Main trends relevant for WFP
indicators Croatia Slovenia EU year
total fertility rate 1,40 1,57 1,58 2015
crude rate of net migrations 0,2
-4,3
5,6
0,2
1,4
3,7
2009
2015
life expectancy
-male
-female
74,4
80,5
77,8
83,9
77,9
83,3
2015
2015
proportion of population 65+ (%) 19,2 18,4 19,2 2016
mean age of women at childbirth 29,9 30,2 30,5 2015
live births outside marriage (%) 18,1 57,9 40,2 2015
mean age at first marriage
- female
- male
27,9
30,7
30,0
32,3
.
.
2015
2015
marriage rate 4,7 3,1 . 2015
divorce rate 1,4 1,2 . 2015
Source: Eurostat (2017)
Employment patterns & poverty rates
Croatia Slovenia EU year
employment rate (20-64)
- gender gap
60,5
-9,4
69,1
-8,6
70,1
-11,6
2015
2015
part-time employment (%)
- gender gap
5,9
-2,6
9,3
-6,6
19
-23,3
2015
2015
employment rate (20-49)
- male, children<6
- female, children<6
85,3
68,8
94,2
77,6
88,9
62,1
2015
2015
poverty rate
- single person
- single person, dependent children
- 2 adults, 1 dependent child
- 2 adults, 2 dependent children
- 2 adults, 3+ dependent children
20
38,6
33,1
15,3
16,8
34,1
14,3
35,4
32,5
12,6
10,2
16
17,3
25,4
33,7
12,9
14,8
27,1
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
Source: Eurostat (2017)
values (strongly agree/agree) Croatia Slovenia year
family important 98,8 97,4 2008
work important 92,1 94,1 2008
it is alright for two people to live
together without getting married
55,4 73,5 2008
a pre-school child is likely to suffer if
his/her mother works
48,0 35,8 2008
both the husband and wife should
contribute to household income
82,5 90,1 2008
job is alright but what most women
really want is a home and children 64,1 54,6 2008
in general, fathers are as well suited to
look after their children as mothers 76,3 90,6 2008
men should take as much responsibility
as women for the home and children 96,2 97,2 2008
Main values relevant for WFP
Source: EVS (2008)
Family policy – short view in history
ILO Convention concerning the Employment of Women before
and after Childbirth (1919)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ratified it in 1927 – 12 weeks
of paid maternity leave
after the second WW
early socialism – similar development – focused on women (main goal
– women`s employment)
◦ maternity leaves & childcare; maintenance of traditional division of
labour in the family
decentralization/”self-management” – first differences
◦ duration of maternity leave, child allowances, childcare development
WFP in late socialism – main differences
- progressive system of child allowances (1970)
// unique & highly means-tested (1984)
- additional maternity leave
141 days in 1975, since 1986 parental leave (260
days) // extended leave for families with more
children (since 1981)// fathers since 1978 //
unemployed parents since 1986
- childcare
additional self-contribution for childcare // family
type care (1980)
(76,5% of parents included children in
institutions (Stropnik 1987)
// coverage rate 1991 – 50,9%)
- unique child allowances
- maternity leave 180 days /100% (1973)
- additional maternity leave
up to the first year/means tested (1973), in
1989 100% compensation rate // fathers since
1978
- childcare – poorer network
nurseries & kindergartens part of educational
system (1974) // family type care (1977)
(26,5% of parents included children in
institutions (Stropnik 1987)
// coverage rate 1989 - 30,3% in kindergartens
and 7,8% in nurseries)
Slovenia Croatia
socialism – main differences
1. recognition of family policy
– important field // planned development
(Resolution on family policy, 1993)
2. basic goals in the field of family policy
– multiple goals (WFP, child-centric, gender
equality)
3. nature of family policy instruments
– versatility
1. recognition of family policy
– low importance, declarative, nonconsistent,
highly ideological, purely evidence
based
(National demographic development programme
1996 // National family policy 2003//National
population policy 2007)
2. basic goals in the field of family policy
– demographic goals, economic goals
3. nature of family policy instruments
– compensationally oriented
Slovenia Croatia
strategy level – main differences
WFP since 1990s – strategic differences
WFPs in post1990 – policy differences
existing measures were upgraded with
new goals/instruments // CRISIS!
e.g. additional development of childcare
institutions; encouragement of more
active role of fathers – shared (individual)
parental leave, paternity leave; better
conditions for families with more children
– especially since 2005
often and non-consistent changes
- 1990s – idea of women`s
redomestification, demographic renewal;
supported by family policy measures (e.
g. three-year maternity leave, institute of
„mother career“, generous family
allowances...)
- ECEC system not in focus
Slovenia Croatia
postcommunism – main differences
Crisis related measures in SI
temporary measures [June 2012]???
GDP>2,5% (+annual increase in employment rate - 1,3 pp, 2016)
Leaves
compensation rate for parental and paternity leave – 90% for earnings
above €763,06, upper ceiling from 2.5 to 2 average salaries
parental allowance increased (for 28%)
reform of paternity leave (15+75 30 days)
ECEC
parents fee for the 2nd child 30 %; free of charge for 3rd and any
subsequent child (if simultaneously attending the ECEC)
additional 50% state subsidy of corresponding parent`s fee for children
aged 3 years or over withdrawn
municipalities can subsided childminders for children who were not
accepted in the ECEC due to the lack of places– 20% of fee for ECEC
Slovenia Croatia
maternity leave 105 days /100% 180 days /100%
parental leave 130 days per parent /90%
non-transferable 30 mother`s days
extended for second and any
subsequent child (30 days)
4 months per parent (low ceiling)
non-transferable 60 days
450 days per parent for twins/ third...
child (all days transferable)
paternity leave 25+25 days (2017) // 30 from 2018 labour
market PT up to the child completes the first
grade (10) years; one year non-
transferable
flexible work. arrang.
PL can be used part-time (2009)
childcare education system
high enrolment
[private educator] (2008)
unique rules for subsidies – 0-77%
(depending on income/property) //
30% for the 2nd child & free for 3rd+
child (if simult.)
education system
low enrolment
nannies (2013)
fees dependent on municipalities rules //
different rules for public/private providers
Present measures
Enrolment in ECECin Croatia& Slovenia
Source: DZS (1964-2015); SURS (2006-2017), Stropnik (2001)
29.2
38.5
51.4
53.7
55.6 55.3 54
56 57.3
69.5
77.6
85.8
89.2 88.8 89.3 88.6 89.8 90.5
0.8
4.8
11.4 10.7
13.9
17.5 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.5 19.4
5.8
9.6
26.1
31.6
37.2
43.6
54.4 55.1 55.1 54.9 56.2 56.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1961 1971 1981 1991 2000/01 2005/06 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
SI 0-2 SI 3-6 Slovenija HR 0-2 HR 3-6
5.8%
9.3% 9.7%
6.9%
11.4%
13.4%
7.9%
13.6%
10.9% 11.4%
13.6% 14.7%
11.7% 10.2%
19.1%
23.1%
21.4%
15.8%
12.0%
18.3%
27.7%
38.4%
18.9%
25.2% 25.9%
28.9%
32.5% 33.2%
36.4%
39.0% 39.3% 39.6%
43.1%
47.5% 47.9%
50.6%
56.3% 56.4%
62.1% 62.5%
64.5%
69.5%
72.2%
88.8%
-10.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Brodsko-posavska
Vukovarsko-srijemska
Požeško-slavonska
Virovitičko-podravska
Bjelovarsko-bilogorska
Krapinsko-zagorska
Osječko-baranjska
Sisačko-moslavačka
Ličko-senjska
Koprivničko-križevačka
Karlovačka
Varaždinska
Međimurska
Zadarska
RH
Zagrebačka
Dubrovačko-neretvanska
Šibensko-kninska
Splitsko-dalmatinska
Primorsko-goranska
Istarska
GradZagreb
Enrolment by counties, HR
jaslice 2013.-2015. vrtići 2013.-2015. (bez predškole) jaslice promjena u odnosu na 2005-2007 vrtići promjena u odnosu na 2005-2007
Izvor: Matković i Dobrotić, 2017
0
1020304050607080
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Stopa zaposlenosti žena
Izvor: Dobrotić, Matković i Baran (2010)
Affordability?
Izvor: OECD, 2016
Employment?
76.9
-10.9
74.7
-26.8
76.9
-26
63.6
-36.9
71.8
-6.1
76.9
-16.5
82.8
-13.8
65
-23.5
81.9
-7.5
85.6
-16.6
87.4
-17.3
82.6
-10.7
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
employment rate gender gap employment rate gender gap employment rate gender gap employment rate gender gap
total 1 child less than 6 2 children less than 6 3 children less than 6
employment rate 20-49, with children less than 6
EU HR SI
Fathers...
fathers & leaves
HR – 4,5% fathers on parental leave (2015)
SI – 7% fathers on parental leave (2015)
SI – 80% fathers 15 days, less than 1 in 5 fathers more than 15 days
(2015)
Carework?
hours per
week:
HR men HR
women
diff SI men SI
women
diff
Cooking and
housework
10,9 19,4 +8,5 9,9 17,7 +7,8
Caring for
children
15,9 24,8 +8,9 14,2 21 +6,8
Caring for
elderly/
disabled
14,4 15,7 +1,3 11,3 14,7 +3,4
HR: +17,4 hours a week in childcare and houswork=904,8 a year
=37,7 days = +113 working days
SI: +14,6 hours a week in childcare and houswork=759,2 a year =
31,6 days= +94 working days
Poverty rates 2015
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Total Less than 6 years Less than 18 years
Gender Equality Index – EIGE (2015)
33.7
36.537.938.338.5
39.8
40.241.141.6
43.743.844.9
46.846.9
49.850.2
52.9
53.655.255.355.756.5
57.3
58.058.2
68.5
70.9
72.774.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
RO
SK
PT
EL
BG
HR
LT
IT
HU
PL
CZ
CY
MT
LV
EE
AT
EU-28
ES
LU
DE
FR
IE
SI
UK
BE
NL
DK
FL
SE
Source: EIGE 2015
„He sort of helps me…"
Şource: Google Pictures
ivana.dobrotic@pravo.hr