FEMINISM FEMINISM IS NOT MAN HATING FEMINISM IS ABOUT EQUALITY FOR THE BOTH GENDER •Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of sexes Výsledek obrázku pro gender equality WAVES OF FEMINISM •First-wave feminism (roughly the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century) is characterized by the critique of de iure inequality and thus the struggle for basic human rights as well as for women and their incorporation into legislation •Second-wave (roughly 60-80s of the 20th century) focused primarily on combating inequalities , fight for equality in society (primarilly working one) •Third-wave of feminism (began in the early 1990s) focuses on gender differences and includes issues of domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence •Fourth-wave feminism (from 2012 to today) is the resurgence of interest in feminism that began around 2012 and is associated with the use of social media • https://cdn.someecards.com/someecards/usercards/MjAxMy03OWVhNDhjZTFlNGQyNWZj_510748776c939.png FIRST- WAVE •The aim of the first wave of feminism was to grant the right to vote, the right to education and property ownership •The inspiration for feminist movement were the Great French Revolution and the American Revolution, which ensured equality of voting rights, but only for men and women began to demand the same rights •Mary Wollstonecraft – most important feminist of this period, she is regarded as the "fore-mother" of the British feminist movement and her ideas shaped the thinking of the suffragettes - women which ones campaigned for women's vote •Women's electoral law – New Zealand 1893, United Kingdom 1918, Czechoslovakia1919, a, 1920 USA and France 1945 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._17 97%29.jpg/250px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg SECOND-WAVE •Second-wave feminism is a period of feminist activity and thought that began in the United States in the early 1960s and lasted roughly two decades •The main theme of this wave is the position of a woman in society, disagreement with their exclusion from public life and disagreement with their housewife position •Betty Friedan - important feminist of this wave wrote the bestselling book The Feminine Mystique. She explicitly objected to how women were depicted in the mainstream media, and how they placed them at home limited their possibilities and wasted potential •Women have gained access to all professions Výsledek obrázku pro we can do it THIRD-WAVE •Arose as response to the the failure of the second wave •multiple feminism •heavily influenced by academic investigations of queer theory •→ gender and sexuality are fluid categories, do not easily map into “men” and “female” •increased understanding of bisexuals and transgender identities •has been critiqued for its focus on individual emanciation •“individualism” • Výsledek obrázku pro third wave of feminism FOURTH-WAVE •due to Internet, there us a shift from third wave – mainly social media •internet has created a “call-out” culture •Still influenced by the third wave •internet has facilitated the creation of a global community of feminists - discussion and activism •feminism is being reinvigorated by the Internet • Výsledek obrázku pro fourth wave of feminism PRO AND CONS •enables to start the discussion X does it have any result? •feminist discussion can be often ‘hidden’ from those who are not sufficiently networked. •Not enough support in political represention (internet needs to help) •giving the biggest voice to those who can afford and use technology (digital divide) • Výsledek obrázku pro pro and cons EXAMPLES •#MeToo •2017 Women's March •#YesAllWomen • • Women's March on Washington (32593123745).jpg Výsledek obrázku pro #YesAllWomen Výsledek obrázku pro me too CONTESTED FEMINISM SIMONA FOJTOVÁ THE WESTERN FEMINISM THE EAST/WEST FEMINIST ENCOUNTERS IN THE 1900s •National Organization for Women sponsors a protest in front of the US capitol, October 7, 1985 •Political program • •Accept it or reject it “PLEASE GIVE US TIME FOR OUR SELF-DISCOVERY” •“Now it has become fashionable in the West to talk of “race, class and gender” as intersection lines of oppression, but this doesn’t offer a framework for East European women’s experience“ • •Laura Busheikin (1993) EASTERN FEMINISM •”We have not demonstrated, we do not revolt as woman… • •...Czech women were obligatorily organized for too long, hence, they tend to connect liberty with the liberty not to be organized in any way.“ • •Jiřina Šiklová (1997) •“The old prejudices of some people that women belong to the household are long overdue. This is proved by the women themselves, which we see in different workplaces. They take an example of tough Soviet women.” Women in the Czech Republic 22-year-old Terka Čičová, after graduating from chemical industry, joined a plant for the production of polystyrene, she has leadership post. 1964 Agronomic Training for State Machine Stations. Women are also among the trainees who want to know the agronomy. Among them is Maria Rusnáková. 1951 Women in the Czech republic First 24 women had passed their driving test for Czechoslovak Automobile Transport. They proved that women are able to replace men even in places where they have not worked. CSAD will have another 900 women drivers to release men to other places. 1950 On the International Women's Day, state paid homage to the mothers, women were awarded maternity badges. The government's offices invited the best women workers of different professions in their offices. 1951 INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S DAY “THE GREATEST FEAST DAY OF WORKING WOMAN!” •“Czechoslovak women are an important component of the International Democratic Women's Federation.“ • •“About 40% of the total number of workers in Slovakia are women. They are fully applicable to all sections of our national economy and have a large share in the development of our country.” •“They achieved success in building socialism in our country, their political activity and interest, the influence on solving public issues are an example for the women of the capitalist world to fight even more for their rights.” SOURCES •Ealasaid Munro - Feminism: The Fourth Wave - https://is.muni.cz/auth/el/1423/jaro2018/ZUR436/um/readings/week_10/Feminism_Fourth_Wave.pdf •Simona Fojtová: Contested Feminism: The East/West Feminist Encounters in the 1990s • •