The history and basics of Islam II. Islamic Political Thought (BSS474) Josef Kraus Sources of Islamic Belief nThe Six Articles of Faith ¡Belief in Allah, The Only God ¡Belief in the Angels ¡Belief in Holy Books ¡Belief in the Prophets ¡Belief in the Day of Judgement and Resurrection ¡Belief in God's predestination Výsledek obrázku pro six articles of faith islam Sources of Islamic Belief nTawhid - oneness of God nGod is considered Unitarian (not Trinity) nOpposite is shirk – sin of practicing idolatry or polytheism ¡Allah may forgive any sin if one dies in that state except for committing shirk. nIbrahim, Musa, Isa, Muhammad – only men (no saint) nSunnis consider Shias‘ worship of Imams an idolatry nRadicals want to destroy anything related to pre-Islamic period, idolatry, heresy... violating God‘s unity Výsledek obrázku pro tawhid Buddhas of Bamiyan destruction – 2001, Afghanistan n Sources of Islamic Belief nAngels (mala‘ikah, malak) nOften mentioned in Quran and Sunnah nNo biological needs, no animal -> pure emotion nObey God‘s commands nJibril, Mikail, Israfil, Azrael… based on Judeo-Christian traditions Související obrázek Sources of Islamic Belief nIslamic holy books ¡Tawrat or Torah – revealed to Musa ¡Zabur or the Book of Psalms – revealed to King David ¡Sahifah or Scrolls – revealed to Ibrahim ¡Injil or Gospel – revealed to Isa ¡Quran – revealed to Muhammad nPeople of the book – alh al Kitab (ahl-e Ketab) ¡Jews ¡Christians ¡Zoroastrians (mainly from Shia perspective) Výsledek obrázku pro holy books Sources of Islamic Belief nBelief in Prophets nGod appointed individuals to communicate with mankind ¡Nabi (prophet) ¡Rasul (messenger – only Nooh, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, Muhammad) nSunni X Shia differences ¡Sunni – only humans with the only special skill – receiving message ¡Shia – three conditions for being prophet (almost saint), and worshiped nThe most perfect person in his time, no sins nFree from all social stigmas (no illegitimate child, no bad profession…) nAbility to make miracles nFrom Adam, over Yusuf, Yahya… to Muhammad (last one) Sources of Islamic Belief nBelief in the Day of Judgement and Resurrection (Ma‘ad) ¡Resurrection after death ¡Judgement of deeds and reward or punishment after that ¡Paradise or hell nDifferent legends according to Quran and hadiths nSet of signs (more than 50) nShias put bigger accent on mahdism (messianism) ¡Shia – Mahdi the twelfth hidden imam ¡Sunni - successor of Mohammad, expected to arrive to rule the world and reestablish righteousness nReturn of prophet Isa Sources of Islamic Belief nBelief in God's predestination (Qadar) ¡Allah has knowledge of everything and every time ¡Everything that is preordained is written in preserved tablet ¡Nothing can exist / happen except by the will and permission of Allah ¡Allah created all the creation and creatures and all their actions, characteristics and movements nDisputations about determination ¡Hafez – I‘m going to drink wine, because God knows I will nShias don‘t believe in predestination ¡God has not set a definite course for human history ¡God knows and has power, but can change as he wishes Five Pillars of Muslim Faith nShahada – Testimony of Faith nSalat – Prayer nSawm – Fasting in holy month of Ramadhan nZakat – Islamic charity nHajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca http://www.yislam.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/The-Five-Pillars-of-Islam1.jpg Five Pillars of Muslim Faith nShahadah nLā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, Muḥammadur-rasūlu-llāh nThere is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God. ¡prefaced by the phrase (wa) ashhadu ʾan - (and) I testify, that… n nFirst step for being Muslim (from childbirth to death) nEveryone whispering Shahadah before death is shahid ¡In daily usage – shahid = martyr Five Pillars of Muslim Faith nSalah nPraying duty – believers called by adhan nAdhan is called out by a muezzin from the mosque five times a day ¡Sunni should pray five times a day, Shia three times is enough ¡Sunrise, noon, after noon, sunset, night nSalah consists of the repetition of a unit called a rakʿah (http://youtu.be/hbnyHNyAEtg) nCleanliness of body and clothes is necessary ¡Minor ablution ¡Major ablution nCollective praying is more valuable nFriday, the most important with a preachment Five Pillars of Muslim Faith nSawm - fasting nAbstain from eating, drinking, smoking, sexual activity during daylight hours in the holy month of Ramadhan nThe personal effort of being better Muslim ¡Good deeds ¡Kindness ¡Jihad nExclusions – children, ill people, pregnant or menstruating women, travelers, warriors etc. ¡Opportunity for hypocrisy nTightening of social and family connections n Five Pillars of Muslim Faith nZakat - Islamic charity nAbout 2,5 % of financial income (or more) nOriginally recommended, during IS obligatory ¡Collected by state authority in (Libya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen) nOnly religious purposes n Výsledek obrázku pro zakat Five Pillars of Muslim Faith nHajj – „to intend a journey“ to Mecca nGreater (obligatory) and lesser (umrah - recommended) ¡Walking counter-clockwise 7t around the Ka'aba ¡Drinks from the Zamzam well ¡Plains of Mount Arafat ¡Symbolic stoning of the devil ¡Shave head, animal sacrifice n nSo many Muslims -> quota system nSA use it for politic purposes http://api.ning.com/files/SMfju4yk360Lq3SXyZdQOrkdcS9K4UhtYufYf7QEePFr6Dbolz89J0TkUxWWNjgG8tBJsUObx O*GaskuDo1UVoqz17RmpgGv/K2.jpg Sources of Islamic law and thought nQuran ¡The word of God ¡Untouchable, unchangeable, codified ¡Structured to chapters (surah - 114), verses (6 236), sorted from longest to shortest chapters ¡Problems with translations (not codified), the effort of chronological sorting ¡Absence of firm structure or continuous story ¡Tafsir – exegesis of Quran (interpretation) ¡ Sources of Islamic law and thought n Sunnah nThe collection of Prophet‘s deeds and speeches nHe was the chosen one, his behavior was according to God‘s rule nOriginally only oral tradition nCollected, recorded and codified during 200 – 300 after M. death (forbidden by Umar – Quran is enough) nNarrations verified by the methods of ilm al-Hadith ¡Complete chain of narrators, their credibility etc. ¡Many frauds and mystifications ¡Classification of hadiths – sahih (right) / mardud (wrong) … ¡ ¡ ¡ Main Schools of Islam n n n n Differences among Schools n Hanafi X Maliki X Shafi´i X Hanbali nMen wearing red: n repulsively X legal X illegal X repulsively n nMen wearing yellow: n illegal X legal X illegal X illegal n nYawn during praying nullify it: n yes X no X yes X yes n nCan woman participate in hajj without man‘s accompany?: n no X yes X yes X no n n n n n n Human Deeds Classification n n n n n n n nLegality - lawfulness (state enforced) – public affairs nMorality (society enforced) – public affairs nConscience (depends on individual) – personal affairs Islamic law and its effort to classify deeds Obligatory +2 Recommended +1 Neutral 0 Disliked -1 Sinful forbidden -2 Islamic law – shari‘ah n n n n ¡ ¡Time for Q&A