Excursion: The Sustainability of Local Rural Systems
May 2018
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The Influence of Tourism on the Community System
A Functional Time Use Analysis
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Authors: Zully Luz Rosadio Cayllahua, Franziska Michaela Hogenmüller, Sade
Stöger, Olivia Leth, Jannis Muser
Location: Klikov, Czech Republic
Teachers: Willi Haas, Simron Jit, Jitka Strakovà, Jan Těšitel
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Abstract (Jannis)
This paper aims to analyze the influence of tourism on the local community in the
neighbouring villages of Klikov and Františkov in South Bohemia, Czech Republic.
Employing the methods of Functional Time Use Analysis, it researches the effects of
tourism-related changes in the economic system on the community system. Data
was collected in a mixed approach of qualitative interviews and quantitative
counting of the time spent on different activities. The two interviews were held with a
former potter now specializing on ovens and the owner of a pension and a pub.
The findings show direct and indirect effects of tourism on the local community. A
direct effect is that tourism creates a source of income that allows people to live and
work in the rural area. Thereby it enhances the community’s stock of time. This is
lessened by commuting people living in nearby towns spending only their labour
time in the villages without much interaction with the local community. Indirect
effects can be observed at infrastructure like pubs and shops which can be
sustained only thanks to tourists. They provide meeting points also for the local
population. Another effect could be observed at the now-closed pottery shop. Its
owner interacted more with the community because he profited from villagers
bringing their visitors.
While the qualitative data was very helpful, the quantitative tables proved less
helpful due to a too small quantity and reliability and a missing basis for comparison.
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Content
1. Introduction (Jannis) 3
2. Methods (Jannis) 5
3. The Informants (Sade & Olivia) 5
4. Findings 6
4.1 Interview with Martin (Sade) 6
4.2 Interview with Jirka (Olivia) 8
4.3 Synthesis (Zully) 8
5. Conclusion/reflection (Franziska) 10
6. Sources 11
7. Appendix 12
7.1 Interview Jirka Chomout 12
7.2 Interview Martin Hadrava 14
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1. Introduction (Jannis)
In the last years, tourism gained increasing importance in the South Bohemian
landscape-protected-areas. In the summer season, the extensively inhabited
landscape attracts many bicyclists and hikers. Assuming that the arousal of a new
major economic factor and the rushing-through of thousands of people have an
influence on the local socio-economic system, its quality could only be guessed.
Therefore the group investigated the following research question:
How does tourism affect the quality and intensity of the community life in Klikov and
Františkov?
First aiming to focus only on the 300-inhabitants village of Klikov in southern Czech
Republic, the availability of interviewees led to the addition of the neighbouring
village of Františkov, which is quite similarly organized. The boundaries of the
observed system were defined by the area of the two villages. The data was
collected in two interviews held with people economically dealing with tourists.
These were Martin Hadrava, a former potter now building tile-ovens, and Jirka
Chomout, owner of a pension and a pub. Following the methods of functional time
use analysis, the questions aimed to find out how working with tourists influences
the amount and quality of time spent in the local community.
Referring to the notion of sustainability, the underlying assumption is that social
cohesion enhances the sustainability of local socioeconomic systems. Stronger
social cohesion creates potential for more efficient resource use by, for example,
commonly organized transport and local exchange of goods. Furthermore, it can be
expected that the scarification of fossil resources and increasing ecological and
economic crises will lead to a stronger competition, less exchange over long
distances and more demand for local economy (Paech 2012: 7 f.). Local
communities will rather be able to manage this stress and manage the new
demands if there already is a stronger cohesion. Thereby the research is based on
the triangular understanding of sustainability. Tourism may connect economic
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benefits with extensive land-use, but for the entire system perspective, the third,
social, component is also crucial (Carnau 2011: 12).
2. Methods (Jannis)
The research team was composed of five master students of Social and Human
Ecology. Their bachelor-program background reached from journalism over biology,
ethnology, business administration, towards environmental sciences.
The work was based on the functional time use analysis, treating human time as a
main resource of social systems and analyzing it in the logic of material and energy
metabolisms (Ringhofer, Fischer-Kowalski: 1). The aim was to find out how tourism
affects the stock and the flow of the time in the researched area. Deriving from the
research question, the main focus lay on the community system and the effects of
changes in the economy system. As it would not be possible to interview enough
people to collect a large database, the main focus lay on qualitative research. Still, it
was decided to also collect data using a table to count the time the interviewees
spend on the four functional systems (person, household, economy, community).
The interviews were organized by the local contact person. For the interview with
Martin Hadrava, the research group visited him in his home. There was a cosy and
calm setting and enough time to calmly answer the prepared questions. The
interview with Jirka Choumout was held in the pub he owns. Here, the atmosphere
was disturbed by the people simultaneously using the room.
3. The Informants (Sade & Olivia)
Our first informant was Martin Hadrava, a former potter, currently working as an
oven maker in Klikov. Martin moved to Klikov in 2001 at the age of 27 years in order
to pursue a calmer life away from the city. Until 2013/2014 his main profession was
pottery. His work differed greatly during the year, depending on the seasons. In
spring, he was mainly occupied by the production of up to 1000 pieces of pottery
and attending two markets in order to sell his craft. In summer Martin would host his
ceramic-course-workshops for about 3 weeks and sell his pottery at two bigger
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markets up until Christmas time. At the beginning of the year he made a break, since
the cold weather makes working too uncomfortable. After all, Martin stopped
working as a potter because he got tired of doing it on the one hand and on the
other hand the rent for his shop become too expensive. Therefore he visited a
school in order to change his profession to ovenmaker. Martin has now specialised
in making tiled stoves and uses tiles he produces himself. Although he changed his
profession a couple of years ago, he still produces pottery occasionally and leads
workshops as an additional income. As an ovenmaker Martin’s working routine
during the year differs strongly from his former work. In winter times he is highly
occupied with producing tiles for the stoves. In summertime Martin builds the ovens
at his customers premises, which needs approximately one week. In comparison to
his work as a potter, this makes him work a lot more in a compressed time, but
allows him on the other side to enjoy more free time in summer in-between his stove
building.
Jirka is the local owner of a pub and hostel in Františkov. He and his wife moved
back to the area from Austria seven years ago after living there for a couple of years.
Part of this decision was due to the increasing demand for accommodation as a
result of the equally increasing tourism at that time. After inheriting a house, they
decided to open up one of the first hostels within the area, which they run very
successfully up to this day. Jirka still drives down to Austria once or twice a week in
order to work as a car merchant.
4. Findings
In this chapter we first present the main findings from the interviews with our
informants separately. Martin and Jirka have similar backgrounds since both were
not born in the community but became part of it by their own choice. However, they
run different lifestyles and their personal perception of tourism and community life
differ as well. In the last part we compare these findings and put them together in
context to our research question.
4.1 Interview with Martin (Sade)
During his time as a potter Martin hosted ceramic-courses and sold his and others
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pottery in a little shop in the centre of Klikov. This gave locals the opportunity to buy
locally produced goods, mainly as gifts for friends and relatives. Furthermore, Martin
would create exhibitions from time to time, focusing on the history of ceramic in
Klikov. The exhibitions as well as the workshops enhanced the activity possibilities
for locals within their community, as it was a place for the locals to (re)connect to
the historical side of their hometown, thus contributing to a collective identity.
Considering his new occupation, which does not involve any interactions with locals,
it can be said that a change of sustainability can be identified. As an ovenmaker
Martin has to travel great distances in order to build the ovens in his customers
premises. This automatically led to an increased use of fossil fuel and a decrease of
time spent in and provided for the community.
In regards to tourism a linkage to social cohesion within the community can be
detected, which should not be automatically interpreted positively. During the time
as a potter Martin did have more social contact within the community but with
“annoying tourists” as well. Therefore, he considers his change of profession as
positive since he can be more with himself and does not need to interact with
people he does not feel comfortable with.
In general it can be observed that there have been only a few businesses as Klikov
only consists of about 300 inhabitants. However, this has changed within the last
year due to a rise of tourism in this area. Businesses such as pub-, restaurant-,
pension-owners provide their services for tourists, which are also used by the local
community. Therefore an indirect positive effect for the local community can be
detected, which enhances the possibilities for those inhabitants who want to
strengthen social cohesion and pursue activities within their village.
4.2 Interview with Jirka (Olivia)
Regarding Time Use - especially in the context of tourism and the local community Jirka’s
his three jobs differ in workload depending on the seasons. During summer
season, Jirka is very much engaged in the work incurring at the pub and hostel.
During that time, he works an average of 60 hours a week, claiming that there is still
more demand than offer in that sector and that they are under-equipped throughout
the high season. Due to that, Jirka reduces his working hours as a car merchant
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during that period. During winter season it is the other way around: his work
consists mainly of driving back and forth between Austria and Czech Republic to
engage more in the car business. All together he stated, that the balance between
his work life (economy system) and private life (person system and household
system) remains more or less stable throughout the year, the main shift occurs
between his different jobs.
This has interesting consequences for his impression of his role within the
community. Jirka feels like an important part of the community, providing gathering
places for common interactions for both local people and tourists. He does not
perceive the increasing tourism neither as annoying or disturbing, but he benefits as
an economic resource. Beyond his services for the community, Jirka does not
participate in many community activities, except for the bicycle-tour once a year.
This is because during summer time, when there are more potential community
activities, there is no time to take part at them due to his work. In winter, he has
more potential time available, but there are not as many activities to get involved.
Furthermore, he claims that he prefers spending his leisure time with his family, for
instance by walking his dog together with his wife after work.
In general, Jirka experiences community activities to be restricted to events like
putting up the maypole or New Years Eve. Tourism has changed the community
mostly in terms of infrastructure as gathering spaces: more restaurants and pubs
opening up where people can meet and interact. Step after step the community is
working on establishing new activities that both locals and tourists can take
advantage of. The next project that Jirka is involved in, is building a minigolf course.
The aim is to attract more tourists, extend the offer of leisure activities within the
area (next to hiking and cycling) and at the same time provide a sportive add-on to
the soccer games that already are a well-established part of common community
interest.
4.3 Synthesis (Zully)
Our findings show that tourism in Klikov/Františkov is a driver of change in the
community life, which might enhance sustainability by facilitating more social
cohesion in the community subsystem through the opening of new/more gathering
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points. Tourism brings the possibility of other/more sources of income;
subsequently more people can live and work there. However this does not
necessarily mean that they become part of the system since they might live in
nearby towns or are only present during the high-season. The concept of system
boundaries becomes here challenging to use. Both Martin and Jirka could/can
sustain spaces (pottery shop / pub and guesthouse) that serve(d) as gathering
points for locals thanks to tourism. Although the motivations and reasons behind the
opening of these spaces differed, the effect in relation to tourism and community
system was shared. In addition, both spaces were also different in the kind of quality
and atmosphere they offer(ed). On the one hand, the pottery shop promoted culture,
art and history. On the other hand, the pub and guesthouse offers meals and drinks
and therefore another kind of atmosphere. Future plans like the mini-golf would
increase the variety of these places where not only tourists benefit but also the
community.
Nevertheless, negative effects of tourism can be observed in the case of Martin and
Jirka, as well. These are in relation to their person and household system. Martin on
the one hand disliked the masses of tourists coming into his shop asking him always
the same questions. Although closing the shop lead to having much less contact
with the community, he feels more relieved to not have to deal with the tourists
anymore and enjoys his time for himself and with his son. Jirka, on the other hand,
works many hours during the high season, which leads to having less free time.
Therefore, he prioritizes his family to spend his little free time with, rather than the
community.
Because of the status of biosphere reserve, local tourism is developing and growing
in Klikov/Františkov. As one of the four functions that biosphere reserves are to fulfil,
sustainable forms of socioeconomic activities should be promoted which has the
potential to improve the quality of life of their inhabitants (Kusova et al. 2009).
Tourism can improve the community quality of life in the sense that it enhances
more gathering spaces for social cohesion. Yet, it can also become a stress factor
for individuals, especially the ones running their own businesses and having direct
and intense contact with tourists. These results don’t come as a surprise, since we
heard during the first day of the seminar that “those who provide services are fed up
from the services of tourists, they don’t want to extend. There is a point of
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saturation” (Jan Těšitel, during the presentation “The village of Klikov”).
5. Conclusion/reflection (Franziska)
This last chapter of our paper will reflect on the research methods and illustrate the
insights from our interviews regarding the sustainability of local rural systems on a
meta-level.
We used qualitative as well as quantitative methods for our research. With our
prepared questions we got interesting insights into the everyday life of our
interviewees and into the activities of the community. Furthermore we made our
interviewees complete a time use template according to the four time use indicators
(personal, household, community and economic system). They had to fill in how they
spent their available time on an average day during the week and during the
weekend in summer (high season) and winter (low season). We quickly figured out
that for different reasons this method was not suitable for our research. First, both
interviewees struggled to estimate how many hours they spent for different activities
such as time spent in or with the community. As a result they seemed to name
random numbers. The structure of the template was not really applicable to Martin
since he does not distinguish between weekday and weekend due to his lifestyle.
This made us recognize that creating questions before the interview is important but
you cannot be prepared for everything.
After our research we agreed that it would have been more reasonable to have them
fill in the time use template without our help and collect the results some hours later.
They would have had the time to think about it properly and we would not have
suggested answers.
In general, the lack of time was a difficulty: We only had one day to do the research
and to analyze the results. With more time we could have included more
interviewees for the time use template and we could have added research methods.
As a result the quantitative method would have been much more meaningful.
Another issue was the language barrier: None of our group was able to speak Czech
and we only could interview Martin and Jirka because they were able to speak
English.
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It would have been interesting to be in Klikov/Františkov during high season and to
check how the local community uses the longer opened pubs, restaurants and so
on. Which people gather in which places? Are there meeting points where only
men/women meet? Where are meeting points for families?
It is difficult to find social cohesion when there are almost no community activities
and consequently the social sustainability of Klikov and Františkov seems to be
marginal. Tourism definitely has a positive financial impact on the local rural system
by providing job opportunities but we do not know how many people really benefit
in this way. The indirect benefit is that there are more meeting points and that
streets and hiking/cycling trails are maintained. This can be referred to the paper
from Kušová et al. 2009 where is stated that the existence of Biosphere Reserves
(BR) as a base for local tourism development is an advantage for communities. It
also refutes the assumption that nature protection measures are in contradiction
with socioeconomic development. (Kušová et al. 2009: 87f.). Still, the
interconnectedness within the communities such as shared transport, goods or
activities is weak and thus we could assume that in the case of crisis the resilience
of the two towns would be little. Tourism could be a trigger to not only combine
economy and nature conservation, but also develop more community activities. The
minigolf that Jirka is planning with other villagers is a positive example of how it can
allow for new infrastructure, more income and build local networks. With more of
these projects, the social cohesion and social sustainability in town could be
strengthened.
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6. Sources
- Carnau, Peter (2011): Nachhaltigkeitsethik. Normativer Gestaltungsansatz für eine
global zukunftsfähige Entwicklung in Theorie und Praxis. Rainer Hampp Verlag,
München Mering.
- Kusova, Drahomira, Tesitel, Jan and Michael Bartos (2009): Biosphere Reserves as
Learning Sites of Sustainable Development (A Case Study of the Czech
Republic). In: Social Development. Elling, Lynda R. (ed.)
- Paech, Niko (2012): Vom grünen Wachstumsmythos zur Postwachstumsökonomie.
Warum weiteres Wachstum keine zukunftsfähige Option ist. In: Woynowski,
Boris; Becker, Patrick; Bertram, Alexander; Bhandari, Sarah; Burger, Julia;
Haver, Marilen; Janssen, Alina; Lange, Josha; Miyazaki, Juliana; Peters, Golo;
Ruf, Florian; Schneider, Julia; Sempach, Jörn; Wang, Chien Chih (Hrsg.):
Wirtschaft ohne Wachstum?! Notwendigkeit und Ansätze einer
Wirtschaftswende. Institut für Forstökonomie, Freiburg, S. 2-11.
- Ringhöfer, Lisa; Fischer-Kowalski, Marina: Method Précis: Functional Time Use
Analysis.
7. Appendix
7.1 Interview Jirka Chomout
Personal
1. How long do you live in Klikov?
7 jahre, 2011/12
vorher in vöklabruck, fast jede woche nach tschechien gependelt, Pension 2 1/2
jahre gebaut
2. What is your profession (and where do you work?)
Vor 3 jahren Pension eröffnet, heute verpachtet; nebenbei selbststädig als
Autohändler – in Österreich intensiver als heute, Autohandel in Frantishkov, 2-3 mal
in der wohe in österreich für autogeschäft
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3. Do the seasons change your everyday routine? (pottery vs. oven-making)
Viel los über den Sommer, mehrere Pensionen, stärkerer Tourismus, Leute kommen
aus den Großstädten und machen Urlaub. Im Sommer weniger Autohandel und
mehr Pension, über den Winter andersrum. Bis Herbst Touristen, eventuell noch
über Weihnachten, sonst wenig zu tun in der Pension. Arbeitsaufwand aber generell
übers Jahr gleicht verteilt (Pension-Auto).
4. What was the reason for the change in your profession?
Opa der Frau hat in Frant. Gasthaus gebaut (1920) – Frau hat das Haus geerbt, erst
Sommerurlaub in dem Haus, wegen geringer Distanz zu österreichischen Grenze
dann Haus gekauft und renoviert – Betrieb der Pension, weil Leute damals noch
nach Unterkünften in der Umgebung gefragt haben – mehr Nachfrage als Angebot.
Grund für Pension auch damit die Frau dort arbeiten kann. Pension war dirket
erfolgreich und ausgebucht. OHne Tourismus undenkbar gewesen zurück nach
Tschechien zu kommen, anders wären die beiden noch in Österreich
5. How do you spend your free time? (alone or with community )
Bergsteigen, wandern, radfahren, Spaziergänge mit dem Hund (vor Ort), Therme
6. How much time do you spend outside the village?
2-3 mal die Woche in Österreich für Autogeschäft, Frühling bis Herbst wenig
pendeln weil zu wenig Zeit, zu viel Tourismus und Arbeit in der Pension, Offseason
mehr in Österreich
Community
1. Does tourism effect the work for your community?
2 mal pro Jahr Fahrradtour mit dem ganzen Dorf (von Dorfgemeinschaft organisiert),
Feste, Pubs, vil im Sommer, wenig im Winter, Winter eher Anlassbezogen
(Weihnachten, Sylvester,…); keine extra Veranstaltungen für/wegen Touristen;
nächstes Jahr Mini-Golf Anlage geplant sowohl für Community wie auch Touristen.
2. Special function(s) in your community?
Wenig Zeit in der Community wegen Arbeit während des Sommers (ca. 3 Monate),
im Winter generell weniger Aktivitäten in der Gemeinschaft
Tourism
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1. Does tourism effect time for your community positively /negatively?
Minigolf-Anlage eventuell ab nächstem Jahr, Fußballclub. Generell wird Tourismus
positiv aufgefasst, Image des Ortes wird aufgewertet, Junge Leute kommen wieder
zurück von den Großstädten (mit ihren Familien) – bisher 2-3 neue junge Familien­
2. How does tourism effect your community (infrasturce, financial, image, ...)
Gemeinschaft kümmert sch um Instandhaltung der Straße und Radwege, Schilder,
etc, Lebensmittel-Läden gibt es hauptsächlich wegen der Touristen
3. What would change with rising or declining tourism?
Viele Gasthäuser sind nur über die Hautsaison geöffnet (für Touristen) àmüssten
ohne Touristen schließen, wahrscheinlich gäbe es mehr Versammlungsplätze für
sowohl Touristen wie auch Menschen aus der Community, mehr
Einkaufsmöglichkeiten, Lebensmittelläden, etc.; Touristen sind tagsüber weg,
nutzen eher Community-Einrichtungen morgends und abends
4. Does working in tourism lead to / need a stronger connection to the
community?
Stärkerer Tourismus nur möglich mit mehr Unterkünften, Nachfrage jetzt bereits
höher als Angebot, kaum Kapazitäten (zb. Personal) àHochsaison: 6-22/23 Uhr
Arbeit, kaum Zeit für Community, mindestens 3 Monate im Jahr, Kaum Zeit für die
Einheimischen untereinander weil zu viel Arbeit im Tourismus
7.2 Interview Martin Hadrava
Personal
1. How long do you live in Klikov?
Since Spring 2001 (17 years) and now he lives alone with his cat.
2. What is your profession (and where do you work?)
He did pottery, 4-5 years ago he visited school to change his work to ovenmaker.
Because he makes the ceramic tiles for his oven.
The reason to change: because he already had enough with pottery.
3. Do the seasons change your everyday routine? (pottery vs. oven-making)
15
Yes, big difference summer and winter
Summer: flowerpot production he worked in spring (first market)
Ceramic courses in summer time)
4 markets until Christmas.
Beginning of the year, it is too cold for the workshop
Now: small workshop.
In winter, preparing tiles for summer
In summer he drives long distance to build the oven
The rest of the time he does other times, he works fe. 1 week and then he enjoys
summer.
4. What was the reason for the change in your profession?
He had to stop the running of the big workshop because of the rent of his shop in
klikov 27.
5. How do you spend your free time? (alone or with community )
He spends time with his son, (lives 70 km from here)
Cycling, friends (inside and outside of klikov), make bread, goes to the forrest/river
(4-5 times a year)
6. How much time do you spend outside the village?
If he works on the tiles he spends time with his son
Go to prag (1x month) , travels a lot for work outside klikov, sleeps outside klikov
Community
1. Activities for the community (what and when -seasonal)
Football club (for adults, kids, …) 2 times a month they play in klikov and 2 times
outside klikov
When he runs the workshop, there are also exhibition, àcommunity work with
schools and if local people have guests, they also come to see martins work.
2. Does tourism affect the work for your community?
· Special function(s) in your community?
Big difference life in winter and sommer:
Summer open pubs , a lot of people,
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He does not feel part of the community , because the community does things he is
not interested in (futbol)
His relationship is ok with local people.
Selected Transcripts
“When I run the workshop, I participated more than now because… the running the
workshop that mean also exhibition… about the history of ceramic in Klikov so I
invited the people and also school… so I were more like working for the
community… If the local people have some guest, of course they come to visit my
place to show the history, you know and say ‘my grandfather worked in this
workshop’… It was like maybe more – I think – the work for community than now”
(6:20-7:15)
“Yes, I felt more inside the community” (17:30)
“Now, maybe because I’m in the end of the village, I don’t know. But I’m not in the
contact with so many people as before when I stayed in the middle of the village,
when I had the shop… when I met the people who wanted to visit my exhibition…
For example, in the summer, the many local people who comes with the part of the
family to show our exhibition… to friends or relatives, so I felt something that I do
something for the community… I do something for them” (18-20:06).
After change, people asks him why, they show concern and appreciation. Contact is
the same but he is not doing something for the community anymore. He might repair
or construct ovens (just two in town), but it’s not the same, “you cannot see it”
(20:59).
He recognizes that community active live correlates with tourism seasons (7:46), for
instance pubs and restaurants are open where locals can meet but:
“I don’t feel like a part of the community” (8:12). He mentions a festivity “Feiertag” in
Suchdol nad Luznici and Klikov invites people to sell “horrible” things. He doesn’t
participate in this “so, he is not part of the community”.
Tourism
1. How do you perceive tourism for Klikov?
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Feels tired about cyclists/tourists, when he does a pottery workshop he counted
3500 people
He is happy nobody is coming, he does not have a shop.
50% income from markets/ 50% tourists
2. Does tourism affect time for your community positively /negatively?
Of course, because the pubs are open, or restaurants, community life is more
intensive,
3. How does tourism affect your community (infrastructure, financial, image, ...)
No effect
4. What would change with rising or declining tourism?
They are bringing money here, for those who run business (pub, restaurants,
pension, auto mechanics). Local people don’t profit from it. They can only enjoy
restaurants because they are only open because of the tourists. Every year new
pensions are opening. Now more rich people are coming, in the past more tents
/camping . he thinks tourism will increase. Because people enjoy holiday in czechia.
He thinks sukdol there will be more offers
5. Is your business depended on tourism?
No tourists are part of his customers.
If your business is connected to tourism you spend more time in the community.
He felt like he was doing something for the community because of the shop.
Selected Transcripts
“Now I’m tired of cyclists” (9:32)
While doing pottery, the contact with tourism (cyclists) was intensive, especially
through the shop. He was also connected to other communities, for instance “other
potters who don’t live in touristic places” and sold their potteries in his shop. Half of
his income came from pottery in Klikov (other half from markets outside, e.g.
Morana, Prag) but it was exhausting, because of time investment: “you have to stay
there or you have to find someone who will stay there all the day, so it’s work
around. I feel like tired from this.” (10:35-10:49)
“Now I feel better to have shop here and I’m happy that no one is coming” (11:00).
Also, tourism is not part of his customer segment (21:13) and he is “happy to not
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have to communicate with them” (21:22) because they always ask the same
question
Locals benefit indirectly from tourism but direct effects played a role only for
business owners. He thinks that more pensions will open, therefore other kind of
tourists will come. For instance, “rich” ones (which he seems to no like a lot). In
short words, it will increase (in quantity) and change in terms of “kind of tourists”
and also regional social activities like festivities, opening of markets in Suchdol. The
activities done, e.g. for children or in respect to football, he doesn’t participate, so
he sees not as part of “this” community.
Time Table: