Reported speech
Statements
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Direct speech vs Indirect (Reported) speech
•Direct: „I want an ice-cream.“ Peter said.
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•Indirect (reported): Peter said he wanted an ice-cream
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•Usage: when we say what someone else has said/done etc.
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Shifts
•Reported speech is special for its shifts in tenses and vocab and is very very tricky
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•Tenses: always go one down
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•Direct Present simple -> Reported Past simple
•“I want an ice-cream” he said.
•He said he wanted an ice-cream.
•= same meaning
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Tense shift scale
•Present simple -> Past simple
•Present continuous -> Past continuous
•Present perfect
•Present perfect cont.            Past perfect or
•Past simple   past perfect cont.
•Past continous
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Modal shifts
•Will – would
•Can – could
•Shall – should
•Must – had to
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•Past modals stay the same: He said he must have done it
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One exception
•Things in present simple that are always true CAN stay the same:
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•„I like ice-cream.“ she said.
•With no further context it means she liked it and will like it forever, therefore these two
version can be used:
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•She said she likes ice-cream.
•OR … she said she liked ice-cream.
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Vocab shifts
•Now - then
•Today – that day
•Tomorrow – the next day (following day)
•Yesterday – the day before
•Next week – the following week
•Last week – the previous week
•Two weeks ago – two weeks before
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Vocab shifts
•This – that
•These – those
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•Also, pronouns change adequately
•„This is my favourite ice-cream this year.“ he said. •He said that was his favourite ice-cream
that year.
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