Department of International Relations and European Studies1 Coal and Steam Power Plants doc. PhDr. Tomáš Vlček, Ph.D. tomas.vlcek@mail.muni.cz Department of International Relations and European Studies2 Contents ̶ What is Coal ̶ World Key Coal Players ̶ World Market and Price Mechanism ̶ Coal Fuel Cycle ̶ Coal Mining ̶ Steam Power Plants ̶ Coal Ash and CO2 Emissions Department of International Relations and European Studies3 What is coal Caustobioliths of the coal series Peat Lignite Brown coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Water Content >75 % 19-33 % 10-19 % 2-10 % <2 % Carbon Content 50-60 % <65 % 65-69 % 69-92 % 86-98 % Calorific Value 6-15 MJ/kg <17 MJ/kg 17-24 MJ/kg 24-33 MJ/kg >33 MJ/kg Department of International Relations and European Studies4 What is coal Department of International Relations and European Studies5 World Coal ̶ Coal provides 27.2% of global primary energy needs (2018) and generates 38% of the world‘s electricity (2018). ̶ Coal is the fastest growing form of energy outside renewables. ̶ Total Global Coal Production in 2018 was 8,013 Mt. (Czech Republic 44 Mt/2018) ̶ Total World Proved Reserves in 2018 were 1,054,782 Mt Data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 Department of International Relations and European Studies6 World Key Coal Players Department of International Relations and European Studies7 World Coal Reserves Department of International Relations and European Studies8 World Coal Reserves Department of International Relations and European Studies9 World Key Coal Players Department of International Relations and European Studies10 World Key Coal Producers Department of International Relations and European Studies11 World Key Coal Producers Department of International Relations and European Studies12 Commodity Specifics ̶ Main use of coal: production of heat and electricity by combustion; production of metallurgical coke by carbonization of coal ̶ 1 kWh of electricity = combustion of 0.00049 tons of coal on average ̶ 1 MWh of elelctricity = 0.49 tons of coal ̶ 1,000 MW power plant´s 1 hour production = combustion of 490 tons of coal ̶ 24-hour-production = 11,760 tons ̶ 1-month-production = 352,800 tons Department of International Relations and European Studies13 World Market and Price Mechanism ̶ Coal is traded all over the world, with coal shipped huge distances by sea to reach markets. ̶ Ships are commonly used for international transportation, in sizes ranging from: ̶ Handysize - 40-45,000 DWT ̶ Panamax - about 60-80,000 DWT ̶ Capesize vessels - about 80,000 DWT ̶ Overall international trade in coal reached 1142Mt in 2011; while this is a significant amount of coal it still only accounts for about 16% of total coal consumed. Most coal is used in the country in which it is produced. Department of International Relations and European Studies14 World Market and Price Mechanism ̶ Transportation costs account for a large share of the total delivered price of coal, therefore international trade in steam coal is effectively divided into two regional markets ̶ the Atlantic market, made up of importing countries in Western Europe, notably the UK, Germany and Spain. ̶ the Pacific market, which consists of developing and OECD Asian importers, notably Japan, Korea and Chinese Taipei. The Pacific market currently accounts for about 57% of world seaborne steam coal trade. Department of International Relations and European Studies15 World Market and Price Mechanism 2018 World hard coal production: 7,058 Mt World hard coal trade: 1,344 Mt (19%) World seaborn hard coal trade: 1,210 Mt (17%) Seaborne steam coal trade: 906 Mt Seaborne coking coal trade: 304 Mt Source: Verein der Kohlenimporteure Annual Report 2019, p. 35-36 Department of International Relations and European Studies16 World Market and Price Mechanism Source: Euracoal Department of International Relations and European Studies17 World Market and Price Mechanism ̶ The price of coal is influenced by: ̶ Supply (production capacity; technology; inland transport capacity; naval transport capacity) and Demand (structure and condition of economy; regulations – environmental, price; competition of resources) ̶ Price of Oil (production costs – fuel in mining operations; commodity substitutes) ̶ Cost of Equipment ̶ Price of Naval Transportation ̶ Exchange Rates ̶ Speculations Department of International Relations and European Studies18 Department of International Relations and European Studies19 Coal Fuel Cycle Mining Processing Combustion (use) Coal ash and CO2 emissions Electricity and heat (product) Department of International Relations and European Studies20 Coal Mining Department of International Relations and European Studies21 Coal Mining Department of International Relations and European Studies22 Coal Mining Department of International Relations and European Studies23 Department of International Relations and European Studies24 Department of International Relations and European Studies25 Department of International Relations and European Studies26 Department of International Relations and European Studies27 Department of International Relations and European Studies28 Coal Mining Department of International Relations and European Studies29 Coal Mining Department of International Relations and European Studies30 Department of International Relations and European Studies31 Coal Processing Department of International Relations and European Studies32 Department of International Relations and European Studies33 Coal Stocking Department of International Relations and European Studies34 Coal Transport The type of land transport depends on the quantity, distance, cost, flexibility, reliability and environmental consequences. Nowadays, most of the inland coal transports are carried out by: - freight trains (60-70%) - river transport (5-15%) - trucks (10-15%) - conveyor belts (8-10%) - or pipe (1%). Department of International Relations and European Studies35 Coal Transport Department of International Relations and European Studies36 Department of International Relations and European Studies37 Department of International Relations and European Studies38 Department of International Relations and European Studies39 Department of International Relations and European Studies40 Department of International Relations and European Studies41 Coal Transport Department of International Relations and European Studies42 Department of International Relations and European Studies43 Coal Transport Four basic types of cargo ships: Capesize (80 000 to 175 000 DWT), Panamax (65 000 to 80 000 DWT), Handymax (35 000 to 65 000 DWT) Handysize (10 000 to 35 000 DWT). Department of International Relations and European Studies44 Department of International Relations and European Studies45 Department of International Relations and European Studies46 Department of International Relations and European Studies47 Department of International Relations and European Studies48 Department of International Relations and European Studies49 Steam Power Plants Department of International Relations and European Studies50 Steam Power Plants Department of International Relations and European Studies51 Department of International Relations and European Studies52 Department of International Relations and European Studies53 Steam Power Plants Department of International Relations and European Studies54 Department of International Relations and European Studies55 Coal ash and CO2 emissions So, where is the problem with coal combustion? Department of International Relations and European Studies56 Coal ash and CO2 emissions ̶ Burning of coal produces large amounts of waste, especially coal ash and scrubber sludge ̶ This material is generally uncleanable, unavoidable and only partially remediatable Department of International Relations and European Studies57 Department of International Relations and European Studies58 Alabama Department of International Relations and European Studies59 Coal ash and CO2 emmissions ̶ Along with oil, coal combustion produces the largest amounts of carbon dioxide as the key polutant ̶ 820 kg CO2 per 1 MWh ̶ 1,000 MWe power plant operating for one hour produces 820 tons of CO2 Solutions? Switch to natural gas Install CCS Switch to renewables or nuclear energy Install IGCC Department of International Relations and European Studies60 CCS ̶ Process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO2) from large sources, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, typically an underground geological formation. ̶ Up to 70% net efficiency ̶ Transformation efficiency reduction by 8-14 % ̶ Fuel consumption raised by 25-40 % ̶ Plus investment costs Department of International Relations and European Studies61 CCS Source: http://ccs-info.org/onewebmedia/cumulative_co2.pdf; http://ccs-info.org/climate-efficiency.html Department of International Relations and European Studies62 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ̶ Gasifier ̶ Gas turbine ̶ Steam generator ̶ Investment costs Department of International Relations and European Studies63 Downstream Industries ̶ Generaly very environmental unfriendly ̶ Steal production ̶ Metallurgical coke ̶ Chemical industry ̶ Pharmacy ̶ Dyes ̶ etc. Department of International Relations and European Studies64 Summary ̶ Key energy source in the world ̶ The greatest pollutant ̶ Worldwide solution number one if you want cheap and stable electricity production ̶ Low investment costs ̶ High fuel costs ̶ Extremely dependent on stable fuel supply and stable fuel prices (50-66 % of total costs) Department of International Relations and European Studies65 Thank you for your attention.