PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF ADDICTION
ADDICTION


ADDICTION AS LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
Classical conditioning
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•I. Pavlov & J.B. Watson
•Learning is a result of pairing of a unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus. After
repetition of such paring, original reaction to unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned to the
originally neutral stimulus.

Addiction and classical conditioning
•Drug effects are strongly influenced by the context in which the drug is administered. The context
usually refers to the physical environment in which the drug is given.
•Drug effect is paired with environmental stimuli – cues and they may trigger craving –
overwhelming desire for the substance/behaviour
•Classical conditioning is behind key factors of addiction – craving, withdrawal symptoms, relapse
•Conditioned drug tolerance: tolerance and sensitization to the behavioural effects of drugs are
expressed in the environment in which the drug is chronically administered but not in an
environment not previously associated with the drug.

•Cue reactivity – learned response that involves psychological and physiological reactions to drug
related cues
•Cues are the most important factors of relapse
•Withdrawal model – cue reactivity should resemble withdrawal-like states (i.e. should produce
opposite to the drug effect)
•Incentive model – cue reactivity should be similar to positive motivational state (i.e. should
produce somewhat similar to the drug effect)
•We usually see mix of these two reactions, however, in alcohol/cocaine/tobacco/behavioral
addictions incentive reaction is stronger while in heroin withdrawal reaction is stronger
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•Prevention and treatment should focus on blockade of cues (e.g. via cue exposure) – associations
then become gradually weaker and weaker – it is a long process with uncertain results. It takes
long time to build the cues and even longer to destroy them
•

ADDICTION AS LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
Classical conditioning
http://blog.questia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Instrumental-conditioning.png
•B.F. Skinner
•Experience of reinforcement or punishment increases or decreases likelihood of certain behaviour
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https://wikispaces.psu.edu/download/attachments/40050309/Operant+Conditioning.png?version=2&modific
ationDate=1275023794000


https://www.simplypsychology.org/skinner%20box.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA


•Positive reinforcement: drugs and certain behaviours (sex, gambling) are strongly pleasurable and
serve as positive reinforcer
•Negative reinforcement: decreased level of drug in body unbalances physiological system -
withdrawal symptoms
•Occasional reinforcement – somewhat randomized reward produces much stronger reinforcement -
activity to get the reward increases and is more resilient to change. Secondary reinforcement –
cues learned via classical conditioning may be experienced as reinforcers themselves
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•Drugs and certain behaviours are powerfully rewarding themselves, but addiction arises through
experience and repetition
•Involved processes are automated
•Pre-conscious cue processing - addiction related cues are mentally prioritized without knowing
•Frequently conflict between not conscious/learned motivation and conscious attitude •Various
people vary in their proneness to reward and punishment (e.g., Cloninger‘s typology of alcoholism)
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Visual_Probe_Task_on_a_PDA.jpg
Visual probe task

https://cmkt-image-prd.global.ssl.fastly.net/0.1.0/ps/875789/580/580/m1/fpnw/wm0/1506.m00.i121.n010
.s.c12.vector-anti-drug-poster-.jpg?1451579606&s=c4cfa838c4fc4671dd4793784d7abaca
https://img00.deviantart.net/3370/i/2015/118/4/7/anti_drug_poster_by_subliminaldestiny-d3ralg1.jpg
https://i3.cpcache.com/product/625599723/no_smoking_wall_art.jpg?height=350&width=350&qv=90&Attribu
teValue=Poster&Size=16x16

ADDICTION AS LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
Social learning theory
•Albert Bandura
•Learning in social environment through observing and listening to others •Addiction is learned
through imitation of and identification with role-models •Social identity – whom I follow, what is
the group I belong to, what is the group I would like to be part of
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https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/bc/09/6c/bc096c2ff992c35abca200057211aea8.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/e1/1b/23/e11b23d0bf5d281827f4b912cdebd247.jpg
https://www.mydiscountcigarette.net/gallery/original/11514/Demi-Moore-smoke.jpg?1272975824
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/12/60/f6/1260f6a6d45acc3a09298177258c6cdb.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/bc/e7/e8/bce7e8d541d2cbef059f1cfba38d3e54.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/1f/a2/89/1fa2899aacb2bb8f5f9afb268b7565ad.jpg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJT0NMYHeGw



SELF-EFFICACY
•Albert Bandura
•Individual believe in own ability to perform certain behaviour
•High self-efficacy – set higher goals, invest more effort and energy. More resistant to stress and
negative experience and able to try various coping strategies.
•Low-self efficacy – lower effort, cease treatment more quickly. Lower stress resistance, often use
substances as the first coping strategy
•Learned hopelessness – opposite to self-efficacy. When the person repeatedly experience aversive
stimuli. Sometimes a product of repeated abuse, trauma. Can lead to enduring negative mood states,
addictive behaviours, cycles of poverty
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SELF-MEDIACATION MODEL OF ADDICTION
•Taking drugs or involvement in problematic behaviour is a coping strategy with negative and
unpleasant mood states and/or negative life experiences
•People with some mood disorder or problematic affect regulation are more prone to develop
addiction - e.g. higher depressiveness, higher anxiety, personality disorders like antisocial or
borderline
•People with experience of child abuse, trauma or childhood neglect are much more prone to develop
addiction
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•Psychodynamic psychology – emphasizes feelings and emotions as forces that shape our behaviour,
focus on early child experience •S. Freud – psychoanalysis - use of drugs with oral administration
(alcohol, tobacco,…) are a form of regression to the first year of life (oral stage – when pleasure
is experienced through mouth). Oral stage is about gaining trust in others. Addicts usually have
underdeveloped trust and show unhealthy relationship profiles: avoidance and/or overdependency.
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•M. Klein – object relation theory
•Birth and first months are extremely stressful for the child. Chaos, anger, fear are the dominant
emotions – they must be cultivated in contact with parenting figure. Parenting figure is
internalised as a mental object – parent (mother) within
•Good object relation = good affect regulation (positive mood, ability to cope with unpleasant,
more resilient), poor object relation = poor affect regulation.
•Relationship with this internalized object affects social relationships throughout our lives -
what develops in early childhood stays for lifetime
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•H. Harlow, J. Bowlby, M. Ainsworth – attachment theory
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I
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•Children internalize cognitive and affective representation of self and others based on their
early attachment experiences.
•Attachment to the parenting figure (significant other) is created especially in the first 6
months.
•Attachment attitudes are persistent and lead our relationship to others and our affective
regulation during our lives
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•Insecure attachment/poor object relation are strongly related to lifetime depressiveness,
affective disorders, low self-esteem, lower social support. It creates fertile ground for substance
use and other behavioural addictions •Self-medication model does not explain all cases of addiction
– many addicts do not have affective difficulties, insecure attachment, child trauma or neglect
•Self medication model does not explain HOW addiction is created BUT it explains why some people
are more prone to it •Insecure attachment and poor object relation do create similar condition as
reward deficiency syndrome
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DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF ADDICTION
•Two main risk periods – early childhood (attachment) and adolescence
•E. Erikson – psychosocial stages of development – adolescence is about identity crisis, time of
storm and stress, and increasing power of peer groups. Substance use may develop as a mean to gain
status in peer groups, it may become part of personal and social identity
•Addiction may be understood as an externalized pathological behaviour. Externalized behaviour
includes conduct problems (verbal and physical aggression, lying, risk taking, vandalism), ADHD,
various addictions
•Any externalized behaviour may be replaced by another externalized behaviour
•Externalized behaviour may occur in childhood as a reflection of internalized disorders (anxiety,
trauma, neglecting parental approach)
•Adolescent brain is somewhat similar to addicted brain (due to developmental disbalance between
reward centres – already fully developed - and self control centres – still maturing
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