\\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Title-R1d.png LANGUAGE AND AGE ROBERT HELÁN DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA STUDIES AND JOURNALISM FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png SESSION AGENDA 1.AGE CATEGORIES 2.HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS 3.HOW DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS USE LANGUAGE 4.HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 1A: AGE CATEGORIES •CHILDREN (12 AND UNDER) •TEENAGERS (13-19) •ADULTS (20+) •SENIORS (60+) \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 1B: AGE CATEGORIES •WHICH AGE GROUPS CONTROLS WHAT IS STANDARD LANGUAGE USE? ADULTS (= THE KEEPERS OF THE LANGUAGE) • •WHICH AGE GROUP PUSHES LANGUAGE CHANGE? TEENAGERS (=THE DRIVERS OF LANGUAGE CHANGE) \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 1C: AGE CATEGORIES •HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS USE LANGUAGE •HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 2A: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: VOCABULARY AND AGE •1.WHAT ARE SOME WORDS THAT YOU USE TO TALK ABOUT: CHILDREN TEENAGERS ADULTS SENIORS •2. ARE THESE WORDS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE? \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 2B: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: VOCABULARY AND AGE •CHILDREN: FORMAL/NEUTRAL: CHILDREN, INFANT, BABY POSITIVE/AFFECTIONATE: YOUNGSTER, TYKE, LITTLE ONE, CUTIE PIE NEGATIVE: CRANKY, WHINY \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 2C: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: DISCOURSE AND AGE •THE DISCOURSE THAT WE USE TO TALK ABOUT PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT AGE CATEGORIES OFTEN REFLECTS THE POWER THAT WE ASSIGN TO THEM •TEXT ONLY (SPOKEN AND WRITTEN) DISCOURSE •MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION (TEXT + IMAGES) \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 2D: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: DISCOURSE AND AGE •ADVERTISING FOR CHILDREN: BRIGHT COLOURS CARTOON CHARACTERS CUTE, UPBEAT MUSIC •ADVERTISING FOR PARENTS OF CHILDREN: TERMINOLOGY ABOUT LEARNING EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 2E: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: DISCOURSE AND AGE •DISCOURSE FOR TEENAGERS: BEING CUTTING EDGE BEING TRENDY BEING FASHIONABLE HAVING THE LATEST GADGET KEEPING UP WITH EVERYBODY BEING IN THE KNOW BEING PART OF THE “COOL” GROUP \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 2F: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: DISCOURSE AND AGE • •DISCOURSE FOR ADULTS: ADULT REPONSIBILITIES MORTGAGES BUYING CARS MAKING SERIOUS PURCHASE DECISIONS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 2G: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS: DISCOURSE AND AGE • •DISCOURSE FOR SENIORS: STAYING YOUNG HAVING LOTS OF ENERGY GETTING OUT AND DOING FUN THINGS STAYING HEALTHY STAYING ENGAGED JOKES \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 3A: HOW DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS USE LANGUAGE •WHAT LANGUAGE USE CHOICES DO WE MAKE THAT ARE INFLUENCED BY OUR AGE CATEGORY? • •RESEARCH: SYNCHRONIC AND DIACHRONIC RESEARCH SYNCHRONIC RESEARCH: CONDUCTED AT A SINGLE POINT IN TIME DIACHRONIC RESEARCH: LOOKS AT MULTIPLE TIME PERIODS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 3B: HOW DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS USE LANGUAGE •HOW CHILDREN USE LANGUAGE – THINGS THAT RESEARCHERS FOCUS ON: THE DIFFERENT AGES AT WHICH CHILDREN MAKE NOTICEABLE JUMPS IN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY THE RATE AT WHICH CHILDREN ADD NEW VOCABULARY/WORDS SOUND ACQUISITION (REFINEMENT OF PRONUNICATION) \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 3C: HOW DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS USE LANGUAGE •HOW TEENAGERS USE LANGUAGE: TEENAGERS ARE THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND LANGUAGE CHANGE INFORMAL LANGUAGE SLANG EXPERIMENTATION WITH NEW WORDS WORD FORMATION \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 3D: HOW DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS USE LANGUAGE •HOW ADULTS USE LANGUAGE: RESEARCHERS LOOK TO ADULTS TO STUDY STANDARD: GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS PRONUNCIATION PATTERNS VOCABULARY USAGE DISCOURSE USAGE \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 3E: HOW DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS USE LANGUAGE •HOW SENIORS USE LANGUAGE: WHAT HAPPENS TO LANGUAGE USE AT THE SENIOR LEVEL, REFLECTS WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BRAIN AS IT AGES HESITATION LESS VOLUME SLOWER SPEAKING SPEED MORE SEARCHING FOR WORDS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4A: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •DOES THE LANGUAGE WE USE CHANGE WHEN WE’RE TALKING TO PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS? YES \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4B: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW WE TALK TO CHILDREN: CHILD DIRECTED LANGUAGE (CDL) HIGHER PITCH AND SLOWER SPEED SIMPLE GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY SHORTER SENTENCES REPETITION AND PAUSES USE OF NICKNAMES AND PET NAMES USE OF QUESTIONS AND QUESTION TAG USE OF EXAGGERATED INTONATION USE OF CLEAR, DISTINCT PRONUNCIATION EXPAND UPON AND EXPLAIN THINGS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4C: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW WE TALK TO CHILDREN: “BABY-TALK” EXAGGERATED INTONATION AND PRONUNCIATION USE OF NONSENSE WORDS MIMICKING SOUNDS THAT THE BABY MAKES \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4D: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •RESEARCH HAS IDENTIFIED THAT: A CHILD’S ATTEMPT TO INITIATE A NEW TOPIC IS OFTEN IGNORED CHILDREN ARE INTERRUPTED MORE WE TALK ABOUT CHILDREN IN THEIR PRESENCE WE USE DIRECTIVE/INSTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE WHEN TALKING TO CHILDREN \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4E: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •WHY DOES CDL (CHILD-DIRECTED LANGUAGE) EXIST? (ASSUMPTIONS) CHILDREN ARE “INCOMPLETE SPEAKERS” OUR ROLE, WHEN SPEAKING TO CHILDREN, IS TO HELP THEM DEVELOP THEIR LANGUAGE THERE IS A POWER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADULTS AND CHILDREN SOME USE OF CDL IS TO DEMONSTRATE CARING TO CHILDREN, AS THEY ARE A VULNERABLE AGE GROUP \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4F: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW WE TALK TO TEENAGERS: THE LANGUAGE WE USE TO TALK TO TEENAGERS ALTERNATES BETWEEN HOW WE TALK TO CHILDREN AND HOW WE TALK TO ADULTS THE LANGUAGE WE USE TO TALK TO TEENAGERS REFLECTS THE POWER OR CONTROL STRUGGLE THAT GOES ON WITH THIS AGE GROUP \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4G: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW WE TALK TO ADULTS: HOW WE TALK ABOUT AND TO ADULTS IS CONSIDERED STANDARD LANGUAGE USAGE \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4H: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW WE TALK TO SENIORS: THE RESEARCH ON HOW WE TALK TO SENIORS IS SIMILAR TO RESEARCH DONE ON CDL – IT’S CALLED ELDER DIRECTED LANGUAGE (EDL) SLOWER PACE AND HIGHER VOLUME SIMPLER VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR SHORTER SENTENCES AND REPETITION NO QUICK TOPIC CHANGES \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4I: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW WE TALK TO SENIORS: ELDER DIRECTED LANGUAGE (EDL) USE OF PET NAMES AND NICKNAMES (SWEETIE, HONEY, DEARIE) USE OF HONORIFICS: PLACING THEM IN AN HONOURED POSITION DUE TO THEIR AGE USE OF PRONOUN “WE” INSTEAD OF “YOU” ANSWERING QUESTIONS FOR THEM \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4J: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •HOW WE TALK TO SENIORS: ELDER DIRECTED LANGUAGE (EDL) – CONTINUED A SENIOR’S ATTEMPT TO INITIATE A NEW TOPIC IS OFTEN IGNORED SENIORS ARE INTERRUPTED MORE WE TALK ABOUT SENIORS IN THEIR PRESENCE WE USE DIRECTIVE LANGUAGE WHEN TALKING TO SENIORS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4K: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •WHY DOES EDL (ELDERLY-DIRECTED LANGUAGE) EXIST? (ASSUMPTIONS) SENIORS ARE FRAIL, NOT IN GOOD HEALTH AND VULNERABLE SENIORS HAVE MANY INTERESTING LIFE EXPERIENCES AND STORIES HEALTH ISSUES MAKE COMMUNICATION DIFFICULT A SLIGHTLY YOUNGER AND FITTER ADULT HAS MORE POWER THAN A SENIOR VERSUS WE USE EDL TO DEMONSTRATE THAT WE CARE ABOUT AND RESPECT SENIORS \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4L: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •CDL VS. EDL ARE CDL AND EDL THE SAME THING? SLOWER PACING HIGHER VOLUME SIMPLER VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR SIMILAR CONVERSATIONAL DYNAMICS BEING IGNORED BEING INTERRUPTED USE OF DIRECTIVE LANGUAGE \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png 4M: HOW LANGUAGE IS USED TO TALK TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS •RESEARCHERS: THERE ARE A LOT OF SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CDL AND EDL WHY? THE POWER DIFFERENTIAL THE CARING FACTOR BOTH GROUPS ARE VULNERABLE •THERE IS ONE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CDL AND EDL CDL: A CHILD IS STILL TRYING TO DEVELOP HIS/HER FIRST LANGUAGE SO THERE IS AN INSTRUCTIVE ELEMENT \\DROBO-FS\QuickDrops\JB\PPTX NG\Droplets\LightingOverlay.png Droplets-HD-Content-R1d.png LANGUAGE AND AGE - SUMMARY •TAKE A MOMENT TO REFLECT ON THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (IN THE DISCUSSION FORUM): DOES OUR LANGUAGE USE REFLECT HOW OUR SOCIETY VIEWS PEOPLE IN THE SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS? DOES OUR LANGUAGE USE REFLECT THE POWER OF THE PEOPLE IN THE SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS?