BSSb1194
Earth                  is trying to kill us
JAKUB DRMOLA

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Volcanoes
 - Santorini, ~1600BC
◦probably caused collapse of Minoan civilization
 - Laki, 1783
◦25+% of Iceland dead from poison gas
 - Tambora, 1815
◦“year without summer” -> famines
◦10-50 thousand direct casualties
 - Krakatoa, 1883
◦40-200 thousand direct casualties
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Volcanoes - effects
•pyroclastic flows, mudflows, rocks and ash
•inhaling toxic gases and ash
•earthquakes and tsunamis
•climate impact
•short regional greenhouse effect
•acid rains, ozone depletion
•cooling from aerosols (albedo)
•long-term CO2 warming
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•but also bring resources to the surface
•release of CO2 can reverse runaway global cooling


USGS Online Publications Directory



Visiting Deadly Lake Nyos [Dark Tourism in Africa] - Dark Tourists


Limnic eruptions
 - aka “lake turnovers”

 - Lake Nyos, 1986
◦Cameroon, 1700 dead
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 - Lake Kivu, not yet
◦DRC/Rwanda border, potentially up to a million

Large Igneous Provinces

• massive lava outflows
• most common cause of mass extinctions
• can last up to millions of years
•
• e.g. Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps
•we are “due” for one (15 mil. years)


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7 Lapis Langit dan Sabuk Van Allen, Atap Bumi yang Terpelihara


Geomagnetic reversal

 - magnetic poles move constantly
 - magnetic poles reverse at “random” intervals
◦couple hundred of thousands of year on average
 - it usually takes 1000s of years
◦during which the magnetic field is weak
 - observations suggest we might be heading for one
◦consequences?

Earthquakes
 - Haiti, 2010
◦100-200 000 casualties
 - China, 1976
◦200-600 000 casualties
 - China, 1556
◦0.5-1 million casualties

 - around 20 earthquakes with around 100k or more

Earthquakes - effects

 - collapse of buildings, rock and mud slides

 - fires and floods from damaged infrastructure


Marina District Collapse


Tsunamis
 - generally a secondary effect
◦of eruptions, earthquakes, impacts, rockslides
 - 2011, Japan
◦Fukushima meltdown
 - 2004, Indian Ocean
◦280 000 dead, the worst recent disaster
◦probably deadliest tsunami in history
 - 1908, Italy
◦80-100 000 dead


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Cultural impact

 - 1755, Lisbon
◦collapsed buildings, tsunami, fires
◦up to 100 000 casualties
◦devastating for Portugal economically and politically
◦impetus for Enlightement, religion and philosophy
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