The chain is only as strong as the weakest link, right? An effective sanction regime must be bulletproof, right? 

The assigned readings point to who the most typical sanction busters are, and what the effects of even a unilateral sanction regime you would not expect to work may be. And yes, the many circumvention, organized crime, grey market, point diversion, and illicit routes and methods a sanction regime is able to inspire. 

The presentation offers practical examples with illustrations of the typical manners of sanction circumvention with key terminology and descriptions of daily practice of sanction due diligence officers from banking institutions to the state apparatus. 

And because circumvention is quite undesirable, and every innovation to block it is likely to breed more innovative ways of circumvention, the lecture builds up to explaining what secondary sanctions are and why they are a very potent tool despite their problematic extraterritorial forms adopted currently.