Adobe Systems Agrese, násilí Marie Bedrošová Lukas Blinka Adobe Systems 2 ̶Model zvýšené náchylnosti k mediálním účinkům Mediální účinky - zopakování http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/jcom.12024/asset/image_m/jcom12024-fig-0001-m.png?v=1& t=itwmv0no&s=6442444f22b7b1ff580ae1ae40e546bce1242e0c Adobe Systems 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0C_IBSuXIoo&t=37s Violence in Video Games Media saying video game makes people violent - Album on Imgur Wholesome Memes Protest Video Games Cause Violence Claim Gun Violence Memes About Violent Video Games Are Everywhere Media saying video game makes people violent - Album on Imgur Adobe Systems 4 17 killed in mass shooting at high school in Parkland, Florida - Mozilla Firefox March for Our Lives: hundreds of thousands demand end to gun violence – as it happened | US news | The Guardian - Mozilla Firefox Trump blames video games, movies for violence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RKZn2Sf7bo&t=33s Adobe Systems 5 The Sims 3 - Child Drowns - YouTube 5 Ways to Kill Peeps (RollerCoaster Tycoon 2) - YouTube Sim-plicity: I am a bridge builder | PC Gamer Priorities | Sims funny, Sims memes, Sims glitches Adobe Systems 6 Copycat phenomenon ̶Objevující se tendence napodobovat agresi, násilí (efekt např. Clockwork orange nebo Fight club), zločin, sebevraždy (tzv. Werther effect vs. Papageno effect; Domaradzki, 2021) apod. podle vzoru ze zpráv či popkultury. Různé příčiny např. informace (média prezentují návod), sláva (např. Christchurch střelba inspirovaná masakrem na ostrově Utøya). ̶ A look back at the Aurora, Colorado, movie theater shooting 5 years later - ABC News Adobe Systems 7 Copycat phenomenon ̶Werther effect vs. Papageno effect (e.g.,Domaradzki, 2021) Werther Effect | Know Your Meme Papageno the bird-catcher, from 'The Mag - Italian School, (18th century) jako tisk anebo olejomalba Adobe Systems 8 Copycat phenomenon ̶Tendence u již náchylných osob (viz např. reinforcing spirals model) – mladší, muži, odcizení, asociální tendence, poruchy osobnosti (např. zneuznané velikášství), nejasná hranice mezi realitu a mediálním obsahem ̶ 180 The sims is CURSED ideas | sims, sims funny, sims memes Adobe Systems 9 Imitace a nápodoba ̶Teorie sociálního učení (social learning theory / social cognitive theory) – Albert Bandura – pozorováním jiných - jejich chování máme tendenci napodobovat tím pravděpodobněji, čím více jejich chování bylo odměněno a pokud ty osoby vnímáme jako pro nás významné (rodiče, 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Efekt funguje od útlého dětství a nezáleží, zda dítě pozoruje násilí skutečné či v médiích. 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postupem času nejsou vnímané tak emočně silně. Vysvětluje tedy dlouhodobé vliv médií (viz kultivační teorie) ̶Tvůrci mediálních obsahů zvyšují kvalitu a kvantitu násilí aby získali pozornost ̶ ̶ ̶ Evolution of the Zombie Adobe Systems 14 Desenzitizace ̶Dlouhodobé vystavování se výrazným (nejen násilným) obsahům vede k poklesu emočních a fyziologických reakci – tyto obrazy pak nejsou tak zneklidňující jako dříve. To může vést k apatii a netečnosti vůči násilí ̶Ochota pomáhat? ̶Př. Comfortably numb: Desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others (Bushman & Anderson, 2009) ̶ ̶Desenzitizační efekt násilí v médiích potvrzen v mnoha experimentálních studiích (i fyziologických a neurologických), těžko se ale zkoumá v reálných podmínkách ̶ ̶ https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/washed-up-elderly-lady-with-crutches-falling-down-picture-id93 6488356?k=20&m=936488356&s=170667a&w=0&h=Z_pU6_4r9OciyPNjIe0zK4jn_vL2FcuwDKFBi4VAHbM= Adobe Systems 15 Priming a trasfér excitace ̶Vysvětlují krátkodobé efekty ̶Lidská zkušenost je mentálně organizovaná v clusterech jako schémata a scénáře (tj. předpoklad, že určité události se dějí „nějak“, mají svou souslednost atd.). Tyto schémata se spouští automaticky na základě asociací vlivem (zpravidla vnějších) spouštěčů. ̶Násilí v médiích nás může udělat dočasně náchylnějšími ke spuštění agresivních schémat a scénářů ̶ kn__e → knife; knave Catler DMS 203 Chef Knife Gyuto kuchařský japonský nůž | Electroworld.cz Playing Cards; when the Jack was a Knave | Playing cards, Cards, Deck of cards mug → / Buy Personalised Ceramic Black Magic Mug Online - Red Moments Mugging in Dhaka city up again Adobe Systems 16 Priming a trasfér excitace ̶Transfér excitace – podobné jako priming – zde spouštění fyziologicko/emoční reakce - vzrušení (arousal) a ne kognitivního (neuro) schématu. ̶Excitace je neutrální, ale předává energii (zesiluje) případné emoce, které se vážou na následnou situaci ̶Spouštěč nemusí být nutně násilí, ale třeba frustrace, napětí, nebo rychlé střihy v záběrech filmu. Zda je pak následná reakce násilná záleží na rámování té situace ̶ Adobe Systems 17 General agression model ̶Anderson & Bushman ̶Krátkodobé i dlouhodobé mediální účinky ̶„Meta-teoretický rámec“ ̶Filmová a televizní agrese, videohry, interaktivní média ̶ ̶Naučená kognitivní schémata ̶Distální a proximální procesy Adobe Systems 18 Adobe Systems 19 Adobe Systems 20 Adobe Systems 21 Adobe Systems 22 General agression model ̶V krátkodobé perspektivě média ovlivňují náš kognitivní, emoční a fyziologický stav ̶V dlouhodobé perspektivě nás média učí jak vnímat, interpretovat a hodnotit svět kolem nás ̶S každým opakováním expozice násilí v médiích se skrze krátkodobé efekty zesiluje „zapisování“ těchto schémat do paměti a identity jedince. Tyto clustery se stávají komplexními, propojují s jinými částmi identity a je tak stále obtížnější je změnit ̶ Adobe Systems 23 General agression model ̶Jednotlivé propozice modelu byly testovány v rámci průřezových, longitudinálních i experimentálních studií, a to v různých kulturních kontextech i s různými věkovými skupinami ̶Existující metaanalýzy ukazují, že výsledy jsou napříč kontexty poměrně konzistentní a hlavní propozice modelu potvrzují ̶Malé effect sizes, komplexní a těžko testovatelný model ̶Vliv mnoha intervenujících proměnných ̶ Adobe Systems 24 General agression model ̶Vliv mediálního obsahu: ̶Odměna násilí, realističnost násilí, ne/ukázání důsledků pro oběti, pozitivní vykreslení agresora a identifikace ̶Hollingdale & Greitemeyer (2013) – personalizace avatara Obsah obrázku text, osoba, pózování Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adobe Systems 25 General agression model ̶Vliv individuálních charakteristik ̶Př. Agresivita jedince, hostilní atribuce, postoje vůči násilí, etc. ̶Morální indentita, empatie, etc. ̶Vliv sociálního prostředí ̶Konflikt v rodině, rodičovské mediace konzumace médií etc. Aggression and Antisocial Behavior - ppt download Adobe Systems 26 Prosociální chování ̶Obecný model učení ̶Výzkumy zaměřené na prosociální chování ̶Konzumace prosociálních obsahů vede k učení se a k aktivování prosociálních skriptů a kognitivních schémat ̶Hraní prosociálních her – zvýšení prosociálních tendencí chování, snížení agresivních tendencí ̶ It Takes Two – kooperační hra pro všechny páry | Recenze | PSGamer.cz Adobe Systems 27 Ohrožená populace ̶Vliv médií na násilné chování je menší, než samotný vliv socio-demografických charakteristik. Zároveň tyto charakteristiky predikují preferenci a frekvenci konzumace násilných obsahů (viz model zvýšené náchylnosti k mediálním účinkům): ̶Chlapci ̶Adolescenti – krátkodobé efekty a děti pod 7 let u dlouhodobých efektů ̶Již s agresivními sklony ̶Další problematické psychologické charakteristiky (ADHD, poruchy osobnosti, nižší IQ) ̶Jiné problematické chování (alkohol, drogy, záškoláctví) ̶Z rodin s problémovým zázemím (např. konflikty v rodině) ̶Z nižšího socioekonomického prostředí, které je zpravidla více tolerantní k násilí a více pozitivně se staví k projevům „síly“ ̶ Adobe Systems 28 Způsobují média násilí? ̶Dva nesmiřitelné tábory, které interpretují stejná data naprosto rozdílným způsobem (viz. Anderson et al. vs Ferguson et al.) ̶ Adobe Systems 29 Agrese v online komunikaci Adobe Systems 30 Na fotografii jsou žáci ZŠ Plynárenská, Teplice, 1. třída. Adobe Systems 31 Online disinhibice ̶John Suler (2004) – vznik koncem 90.let ̶Chování se sníženými zábranami ̶Pozitivní (benign) ̶Sebe-odhalování, podpora ostatních, rady, sdílení informací… ̶Negativní (toxic) ̶Agresivní chování, urážky, flaming, trolling… ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems 32 The Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) ̶ ̶Depersonalizace a zvýšené uvědomění v kategoriích sociální identity (Lea & Spears, 1991; Postmes & Spears, 1998; Reicher, Spears, & Postmes, 1995) ̶Sociální identita (vs. osobní/individuální identita) ̶ ̶Anonymita, vizuální anonymita a CMC ̶Méně individuálních znaků ̶Posílení sociální/skupinové identity ̶Větší identifikace se skupinou ̶Ne ztráta sebe, ale vnímání v rámci skupiny; ne „antisociální“ či „nesociální“, ale „více sociální“ ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems 33 Děkuji za pozornost. Otázky?