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Cultural Industries
The 20th Century and Why they Began to Change

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Terms:
•Marketization
•Oligopolies
•Convergence
•Economic Determinism
•Cultural Determinism
•Long Downturn
•Information Society
•Flexibility

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Frameworks for analysis/understanding
•Why consider the origin/changes within the Cultural Industries?
•Extent of Change
•Evaluation of Change

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History
•Three Eras
•Patronage/artisanal
•Market professional
•Corporate professional
•A new social and economic significance for commercial cultural production
•Complex Professional (complexity in the division of labor)
•Cultural Industries have become increasingly important to national economies and global
businesses

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The Cultural Industries
•Industrialization
•Significant capital investment, mechanized production, division of labor
•Commodification
•Transforming objects and services into commodities
•Consumption (privatization)
•Production (exploitation/cooptation)
•Marketization
•Societies are coordinated via market dynamics (structures/discourse)
•
•What are the implications of the further commodification of culture?

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Business Ownership, Structure, Control
•Corporation
•Conglomerates/Oligopoly
•Integration
•Convergence (utopia/dystopia)
•Patterns of Organization
•Project team, primary creative personnel, technical workers, creative managers,  marketing
personnel, owners and executives, unskilled/semi-skilled labor
•Degrees of Creative Autonomy – Creativity vs. Commerce
•

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Quality
•Integrity vs. Sell Out
•Getting paid for your art?

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Internationalization
•Cultural forms, cultural technologies, cultural industries
•Textual Change
•Choice, diversity, multiplicity, quality
•Hollywood/Fragmentations

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Challenges to Conceptualization (Reductionism)
•Technological Determinism
•Economic Determinism
•Cultural Determinism
•Understood in relation to other factors

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The Long Downturn
•The Rise of Neoliberalism
•Labor relations/cultural legitimation (cultural industry rhetoric)
•Information society (data)
•Investments
•Toward service industries (decline in traditional labor relations/rise of outsourcing)
•Internationalization (costs/mergers & acquisitions)
•Organizational innovation & restructuring (flexibility)
•Decline of Large Corporation/rise of inter-firm networking
•Corporate strategic alliances
•New methods of management/corporate restructuring
•Changing work patterns
•Sociocultural and textual changes
•Genres/technologies/accelerations
•“Walkman”
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