Just Transition cernoch@mail.muni.cz -Motivováno klimatickou změnou. -Snaha dekarbonizovat evropskou ekonomiku. How to manage the transition? •A climate change-driven transition is underway. •It has its benefits and costs, its winners and losers, and it will hit a part of society very hard. •It is the state that is driving it and that is governing it. • •= Should governments aspire to a just transition? (And what is „just“?) • • • The distributive aspect of energy justice involves the equitable allocation of benefits and burdens. This includes the distribution of energy services as a social good, as well as the allocation of harms related to energy production and use, including pollution and disruptions Procedural justice aims to ensure all stakeholders are engaged in a non-discriminatory way, with equitable procedures that provide information, input in decision-making, and the opportunity to appeal [29] Deep repository of radioactive waste (2014) •Siting process running for more than 25 years, no results. •32 interviews with majors involved in the process. •NIMBY reasoning expected. • •The Responsibility Frame: We all want light, we all wanna use power, so we gotta find a way. •The Risk Frame: Here you have a virgin landscape, that's what we are here for. •The Dysfunctional State Frame: In that process, we’re the least important. •„That they (State representatives) absolutely don’t take into account any of our decisions or something that they promised and never keep their word. …“ •„Well that's the difference between them developed countries and here, that there you’ve got the law and there's no way around it. Here, they come up with a law and in a year they totally change it, you see.“ • 6) • 1) We have realized that there is some relationship between (energy) justice (percieved both from the perspective of gover Zároveň je ale pravda, že ten EGD a následná legislativa jdou výrazně dál a mají výrazně větší ambice, než cokoliv dřív. Je to agenda, která má potenciál absolutně překopat to, jak funguje EU jako celek.) Climate action: Making the EU climate-neutral by 2050 is at the heart of the Green Deal. Therefore, the Green Deal includes a climate initiative paving the way towards climate-neutrality. First, the European Climate Law enshrines in law the climate-neutrality objective. Second, the European Climate Pact is an EU-wide initiative to engage citizens, communities and organisations in climate action. Third, the 2030 Climate Target Plan ‘Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition’ aims to cut GHG emissions by at least 55% by 2030. The revisions of the Climate Target Plan required are presented in the ‘Fit for 55’ Package. • Clean energy: Decarbonising the EU energy system is critical to reach climate neutrality. This policy area is based on three fundamental principles: prioritising energy efficiency and renewable energies; a secure and affordable EU energy supply; and a fully integrated, interconnected and digitalised EU energy market. • Biodiversity measures: The EU’s ecosystem is fragile and needs to be protected. The EU biodiversity strategy for 2030 aims to put Europe’s biodiversity on a path to recovery by 2030, targeting biodiversity loss drivers and bringing benefits for people, the climate and the planet. • From Farm to Fork/Sustainable agriculture: European food systems account for nearly a third of global GHG emissions and consume large amounts of natural resources, which means there is a need to redesign them (EC, 2020a). The ‘From Farm to Fork’ strategy aims to ensure a healthier and more sustainable EU food system. Related to this is a reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which specifies the future direction of the CAP, incorporates the Green Deal sustainable objectives and sets the path for the ‘farm to fork’ strategy. • Sustainable industry: EU industry should be helped to evolve and make the most of domestic and global opportunities. The new EU industrial strategy, which is based on circular economy principles, aims to support the green transformation. A key aim should be to create more sustainable and environmentally friendly production cycles through development of new markets for climate-neutral products. • Building and renovating: The European Commission recognises the need to develop a cleaner construction sector and to start a wave of building renovation to help people cut their energy bills and decrease their energy use. The Renovation Wave Strategy aims to improve the energy performance of buildings, leading to higher energy and resource efficiency. The Commission targets at least double renovation rates by 2030. Thirty-five million buildings could be renovated by then and up to 160,000 additional green jobs created (EC, 2020g). • Sustainable mobility: The Green Deal includes measures to reduce transport emissions by promoting more sustainable means of transport. The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy lays the foundations for the future EU transport system (EC, 2020h). The strategy aims to achieve a green and digital transformation and make the transport system more resilient. The targeted transport system is smart, competitive, safe, accessible and affordable. • Eliminating pollution: The Green Deal includes a plan to protect Europe’s citizens and ecosystems and prevent air, water and soil pollution. The Zero Pollution Action Plan includes measures to cut pollution rapidly and efficiently. It aims to reach no pollution from “all sources” and clean the air, water and soil by 2050. Czech Coal Commission •2019, to determine the timetable and method of transitioning away from lignite in the Czech Republic. Phase-out by 2038. • •The nomination of CC's members happened unsystematically, based on unknown rules and ministers' perception of proportionality. •The distribution of interests was skewed towards the coal sector and politics. (e.g. a regional representant being also a CEO in coal industry). •The decision-making process very complicated due to the lack of time and analyses combined with the pressure of Minister Havlíček and his unwillingness to postpone the decision despite members' protests. •Direct communication with the public was limited as the meetings were closed, there were no public discussions and press conferences were sparse. • •= Shadow Coal Commission, NGOs withdrawing from the Comission, its decision not accepted by part of society. • • • 6) • 1) We have realized that there is some relationship between (energy) justice (percieved both from the perspective of gover Zároveň je ale pravda, že ten EGD a následná legislativa jdou výrazně dál a mají výrazně větší ambice, než cokoliv dřív. Je to agenda, která má potenciál absolutně překopat to, jak funguje EU jako celek.) Climate action: Making the EU climate-neutral by 2050 is at the heart of the Green Deal. Therefore, the Green Deal includes a climate initiative paving the way towards climate-neutrality. First, the European Climate Law enshrines in law the climate-neutrality objective. Second, the European Climate Pact is an EU-wide initiative to engage citizens, communities and organisations in climate action. Third, the 2030 Climate Target Plan ‘Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition’ aims to cut GHG emissions by at least 55% by 2030. The revisions of the Climate Target Plan required are presented in the ‘Fit for 55’ Package. • Clean energy: Decarbonising the EU energy system is critical to reach climate neutrality. This policy area is based on three fundamental principles: prioritising energy efficiency and renewable energies; a secure and affordable EU energy supply; and a fully integrated, interconnected and digitalised EU energy market. • Biodiversity measures: The EU’s ecosystem is fragile and needs to be protected. The EU biodiversity strategy for 2030 aims to put Europe’s biodiversity on a path to recovery by 2030, targeting biodiversity loss drivers and bringing benefits for people, the climate and the planet. • From Farm to Fork/Sustainable agriculture: European food systems account for nearly a third of global GHG emissions and consume large amounts of natural resources, which means there is a need to redesign them (EC, 2020a). The ‘From Farm to Fork’ strategy aims to ensure a healthier and more sustainable EU food system. Related to this is a reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which specifies the future direction of the CAP, incorporates the Green Deal sustainable objectives and sets the path for the ‘farm to fork’ strategy. • Sustainable industry: EU industry should be helped to evolve and make the most of domestic and global opportunities. The new EU industrial strategy, which is based on circular economy principles, aims to support the green transformation. A key aim should be to create more sustainable and environmentally friendly production cycles through development of new markets for climate-neutral products. • Building and renovating: The European Commission recognises the need to develop a cleaner construction sector and to start a wave of building renovation to help people cut their energy bills and decrease their energy use. The Renovation Wave Strategy aims to improve the energy performance of buildings, leading to higher energy and resource efficiency. The Commission targets at least double renovation rates by 2030. Thirty-five million buildings could be renovated by then and up to 160,000 additional green jobs created (EC, 2020g). • Sustainable mobility: The Green Deal includes measures to reduce transport emissions by promoting more sustainable means of transport. The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy lays the foundations for the future EU transport system (EC, 2020h). The strategy aims to achieve a green and digital transformation and make the transport system more resilient. The targeted transport system is smart, competitive, safe, accessible and affordable. • Eliminating pollution: The Green Deal includes a plan to protect Europe’s citizens and ecosystems and prevent air, water and soil pollution. The Zero Pollution Action Plan includes measures to cut pollution rapidly and efficiently. It aims to reach no pollution from “all sources” and clean the air, water and soil by 2050. Turow lignite coal mine extension •The Polish government extended the license for the Turów coal mine until 2044, despite opposition from neighboring communities in the Czech Republic and Germany. •The mine's operations are causing environmental and social issues in nearby areas, and the Czech Republic sued Poland over the mine in February 2021. •In May 2021, Poland defied an injunction to close the mine immediately, citing job losses and energy system impacts. •Studies have shown that renewable energy alternatives for the region could produce more jobs and save electricity production costs. •As of September 2021, Poland had not ceased mining activities at the Turów mine and was ordered to pay a daily penalty payment by the European Commission, which the Polish government refused to comply with. 6) • 1) Throughout the year 2020 almost 40% of the net electricity production and 42% of the net heat production was coal-generated and, consequently, the coal industry employed approximately twenty thousand people (AMO, 2020; ERU, 2021b, 2021a). Just transition •= Should governments aspire to a just transition? (And what is „just“?) • •In modern democracies with a high degree of legal protection for the individual, just decision-making by the state is not only moral but can also be pragmatically more advantageous. •Distributive + procedural justice. • • 1) Throughout the year 2020 almost 40% of the net electricity production and 42% of the net heat production was coal-generated and, consequently, the coal industry employed approximately twenty thousand people (AMO, 2020; ERU, 2021b, 2021a).