‭Political ontology: What is it?‬
‭Ontology is defined as ‘‘any way of understanding the world must make assumptions‬
‭(which may be implicit or explicit) about what kinds of things do or can exist, and what‬
‭might be their conditions of existence, relations of dependency, and so on.” The writer‬
‭explains that different ontologies, or worlds, exist and are different from another and from the‬
‭European one which modernity.‬
‭In simple words, Ontologies are the different ways people ( can be societies, tribes,‬
‭and different civilizations) understand and interact with the world around them. Every‬
‭ontology has its own set of assumptions about what exists, how things relate to each other,‬
‭and how they depend on each other.‬
‭In European modernity or the Euro modernity, a clear division between nature and‬
‭culture. Nature includes everything non human, plants, animals, and physical objects. Nature‬
‭is often seen as passive and not having any agency. Culture, on the other hand, includes‬
‭everything human, thoughts, creations, and activities. Humans are seen as active agents who‬
‭can change and influence the world.‬
‭The writer presents other ontologies totally different from the European one.‬
‭Animism sees all beings as interconnected. Everything has a spirit or life force. Totemism‬
‭groups humans and non humans into categories based on common ancestors. This creates a‬
‭shared identity among all living things. Analogism operates on the idea that there’s a dynamic‬
‭pattern that repeats across the cosmos, connecting everything from the micro to the macro‬
‭level.‬