MIGRATION, INFLUX
OF REFUGEES AND
HIV/AIDS
Lucie Konečná
GLCb2026 Africas Contemporary Security
Challenges
20/3/2024
Gauntry of
desti nation
In die migration contexc a country that is die destination for a person or a group of
persons,irrespective of whether they migrate regularly or irregular!/.
Migration
Terminology
Country of origii
Internal migration
Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs)
International
migration
Migrant
Migration
Refugee (1951
Convention)
In die migration context, a country of nationality or of former habitual residence of a
person or group of persons who have migrated abroad,irrespective of whether they
migrate regularly or irregularly.
The movement of people within a State involvi ng the establishment of a new
temporary or permanent residence.
Re rscms or groups of persons who have been forced or (IDPs) obliged to flee or
to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or
in order do avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence,
violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have no:
crossed an internationally recognized State border.
The movement of persons away from their place of usual residence and across an
international border to a country of which they are not nationals.
An umbrella term, not defined under international law, refecting the common
lay untie rscandingofaperson who moves away from hi s or her place of usual
residence,whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or
permanently and for a variety of reasons.The term includes a number of well-defined
legal categories of people, such as migrant workers; persons whose particular types
of movements arc legally-defined, such as smuggled migrants; as well as those whose
status or means of movement are not specifically defined under i ntemational law
such as international students.
The movement of persons away from thei r place of usual residence, either across an
international border or within a State.
A person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race,
religion, nationality, membership ol a particular social group or political opinion,is
outside me country of his nationality and is unable or,owing to such fear,is unwilling
to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, n ot having a national icy and
being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events,
is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to ic
Refugee Conventions
• 1951 Refugee Convention (Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951)
• Refugee definition: "As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 and
owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside
the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to
avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality
and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of
such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it."
Refugee Conventions
1951 Refugee Convention:
Refugees shall be treated at least like nationals in relation to
freedom to practice their religion (Article 4)
the respect and protection of artistic rights and industrial property (Article 14)
rationing (Article 20)
elementary education (Article 22)
public relief and assistance (Article 23)
labour legislation and social security (Article 24)
Refugees shall be treated at least like other non-nationals in relation to
movable and immovable property (Article 13)
the right of association in unions or other associations (Article 15)
wage-earning employment (Article 17)
self-employment (Article 18)
practice of the liberal professions (Article 19)
housing (Article 21)
education higher than elementary (Article 22)
the right to free movement and free choice of residence within the country (Article 26)
Refugee Conventions
1951 Refugee Convention:
The contracting states shall not
discriminate against refugees (Article 3)
take exceptional measures against a refugee solely on account of his or her nationality
(Article 8)
expect refugees to pay taxes and fiscal charges that are different from those of nationals
(Article 29)
impose penalties on refugees who entered illegally in search of asylum if they present
themselves without delay (Article 31), which is commonly interpreted to mean that their
unlawful entry and presence ought not to be prosecuted at all.
expel refugees (Article 32)
forcibly return or "refoul" refugees to the country they have fled from (Article 33).
1969 The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Convention Governing the
Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
Kampala Convention 2009
'< U N H C R
The UN Refugee Agency
UNHCR - United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees
• UN agency, created in 1950, headquartered in Geneva (Switzerland).
• Mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and
stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or
resettlement to a third country.
• Over 17,300 staff working in 135 countries.
• High Commissioner is Filippo Grandi.
• Executive and Standing Committee
• Goodwill ambassadors - names?
Migration and Refugee Trends
People forced to flee worldwide (2012 - 2022)
( i D P s | Refugees under UN HCR's mandate Refugees under UN RWA's mandate | Asylum seekers | Venezuelans displaced abroad | Latest available estimates
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Migration and Refugee Trends
c h a r t 11 P L A N N I N G F I G U R E S : 102.6 million people of concern in 2022
PLANNING FIGURES
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
jProjections)*
Migration and
Refugee Trends
Figure 8 I People displaced across borders by country of origin I end-2020
Syria
Venezuela
Afghanistan
üüL:h Sudan
Myanmar
6.690.000
2.595.000
Z139.000
Figure 10 I People displaced across borders by host country I end-2020
3,S 52,000
Migration and Refugee Trends
Figure 18. Top 20 countries with the largest populations of internally displaced persons
by conflict and violence at the end of 2020 (millions)
Syrian Arab Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Colombia
Yemen
Afghanistan
Somalia
Nigeria
Sudan
Ethiopia
South Sudan
I q
Turkey
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Azerbaijan
Ukraine
Central African Republic
Mozambique
Myanmar
I ndi;.
IDPs millions
1
1
•
• 1
• •
•
• i
•
• •
• 1
I
<y_. 10% 20% 30%
Percent (%)
Source; IDMC. 2021.
Notes: IDP populations refer to the accumulated number of people displaced over time. The
Figure 20. New internal displacements d u e to conflict and disasters, 2010-2020 (millions)
45
g 25
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
I New internal displacements by conflict
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
New internal displacements by disasters
Source. IDMC. n.d. (accessed May 2021).
Notes: The term "new displacements" refers to the number of displacement movements that occurred in a given year.
not the total accumulated stock of IDPs resulting from displacement over time. New displacement figures include
individuals who have been displaced more than once, and do not correspond to the number of people displaced
during a given year.
Migration and Refugee Trends in
A #•
Egypt
South Africa
Cote d'Ivoire
Sudan
South Sudan
Morocco
Nigeria
Democratic Republic
of the Congo
Uganda
Bu rkina Faso
Algeria
Somalia
Ethiopia
Mr. I
Zimbabwe
Kenya
Ghana
Angola
Bc-n n
Cameroon
Figure 2, Top 20 African migrant countries, 2020
Migrants
(millions)
PsricEnrtage of
population
••
1
•1
1
•
••
••
1111
I
1
•
I
1
•
I
1
•
I
1
•
I
1
•
1
•
Immigrant
Emigrant
2 0 2 2D 10 0 10 20
Migration and Refugee
Afric<
Trends in
East and Horn of
Africa and the
Great Lakes
Southern Africa
West and Central
Africa
Refugees 4,717.470 783,247 1.433.350
People in refugee-like
situations1 - - Total
refugees and
people in refugee-like
situations 4.717,470 7S3r 247 1,433.350
Asylum seekers3
19 5.7 S3 239,054 57,664
Returned refugees* 342.193 910 46.775
IDPs of concern to
UNHCR4
11,686.769 6.287.219 7.2 70.520
Returned \DPsh
2,095.357 1.041,363 706,507
Stateless persons'* 103.261 - 931,231
Others of concern to
UNHCR7 23.339 36.520 153,838
Venezuelans displaced
abroad1 5 - - TOTAL
19.164,667 B.438,313 1 0 . 6 5 9 , 9 3 5
Refugees in Kenya
2006 Refugees Act
Several attempts to forcibly relocate refugees
2010 - new constitution (registration within 30 days of entry)
2012 parliament approved the law on forced relocation
Tripartite Agreement 2013
2014 Operation Usalama (peace) Watch SOUTH SUDAN
COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
SOMALIA 287,71* 53.4%
SOUTH SUDAN 141,486 25.1%
DRC | 50,460 B.4%
ETHIOPIA ^ 3 1 , 1 8 4 5.6%
BURUNDI |20948 3.5%
SUDAN
110,140
1.6=0
UGANDA 3,369 0.6%
ERITREA 2,374 0.4%
RWANDA 2,084 0.4%
OTHERS 1,050
ir/JMi«M
UGANDA
TANZANIA
https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=LE6H0GGWrq8&t=304
Refugees in Ethiopia
2004 Ethiopian Refugee Proclamation (Ethiopian
authorities decide on the location)
2010 Out of Camp program
Nearly all of the registered refugees and asylum
seekers in Ethiopia originate from neighboring
states including South Sudan (48 percent),
Somalia (27 percent), Eritrea (19 percent), and
Sudan (6 percent).
Working permit 600USD
2016 violence in Gambella
2020 Hitsats massacre
Refugees in Uganda
2006 Refugees Act (freedom to work, freedom omovement
and provides land for building houses
and farming)
Working permit 200USD
Violence in Rhino Camp 2020
Countries of origin
SOUTH SUDAN 61%
DR CONGO 1 29%
SOMALIA 1 3%
BURUNDI 13%
RWANDA 1 2%
OTHERS 1 2%
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
)F THE CONGO
LEGEND
^ Rafugee settle me rrl
O Capitsl : v.
District boundary
Source countries of refugees
•Beutln Sudan
DRCcngn
•Somalia
undi
Rwanda
Other natJcnaraeE-
Refugees in Tanzania
Refugee Act 1998 (authorities decide on the
location)
Tanzania's 2003 National Refugee Policy
(refugees are not allowed to leave the
camps to work, trade or go to school),
permit - may not travel more than 4 km from
the camp
Working permit $2,000 USD
Benaco Camp riots 1994
Burundi accused of hunting refugees in
Tanzanian camps
Population Groups
POPULATION AS END
OF DECEMBER 2 0 2 0
PLANNED POPULATION
AS OF END OF 2021
ASSISTED REFUGEE POPULATION
South Sudanese1
736.&S5 757.312
Erltrean 122.465 126,804
Syrian 93.49B5
93.498
Central Afncan Rep. (CAR) 26.930 32.057
Ethiopian 69.S49 115.348
Cnadian 3.507 4,612
Yemlnl 1.938 1,933
Other 1.454 1.454
TOTAL 1,056.326 1,135,068
Refugees in Sudan
Negative
Impacts of
Refugeeism
Economic impacts - influence on food prices,
influence on the reduction of wages of local residents,
Influence on the rise in housing and rental prices and
direct state expenditure on refugees.
Social impacts - internal displacement of persons,
social inequalities between refugees and local
people, ethnic tension.
Environmental impacts - increase in the slums,
pollution or depletion of water, deforestation, soil
degradation.
Political-security impacts - increase in terrorism,
increase in trafficking and crime, bilateral tensions
between neighboring countries.
Negative Impacts of Refugeeism
• According to Salehyan and Gleditsch (2006), the influx of refugees from a
neighboring country can destabilize neighboring countries in the following ways:
a) Expansion of rebel social networks and diffusion of violence
b) Facilitation of transnational spreading of arms, combatants, and
ideologies conducive to conflict
c) Creation of bilateral tensions Strengths
Providing goods and services efficiently and effectively
Monitoring and evaluating assistance through
centralisation
Marginalised groups con empower themselves
New social relationships can be tied
Democ rati sat ion, emancipation, gender equality, etc. can
take place
Re-shapine. of values, knowledges, rationalities, etc. of
refugees
Weaknesses
• Isolation - remote and fenced areas
» Lack of work opportunities, access to markets
• Temporariness of camps (feeling powerless, useless)
• Uncomfortable, unhomely [to avoid "honey-pot effect")
» Waste of human capacities-living from day to day
» Neglecting basic human rights and basic needs leads to
negative coping mechanisms
• Standardised mechanisms create sterilised, abstract
response
Opportunities
SWOT of refugee
camps
Able to absorb many people
Easing burden of host countries
Preserving institution of asylum
Refugees can bring employment, investments,
opportunities, larger markets
Field workers can bring jobs and higher demand of
services
Education and health services can be higher than
outside or in countries of origin
Threats
Security problems
Low level of infrastructure in surrounding areas
Creating lost generations (no/low education)
Encamped refugees are better off than host communities
(creates conflicts)
Higher competition on limited resources, jobs, etc. (creates
conflicts]
a) Attacks between sending state and refugees (The
violence occurs between refugees and government of sending
state)
Refugee-
Related
Political
Violence
b) Attacks between receiving state and refugees (The
violence occurs between refugees and government of
receiving state)
c) Ethnic or factual violence among refugees (The violence
occurs between groups of refugees)
d) Internal violence within receiving state (The violence
occurs between refugees and local population of receiving
state)
e) Interstate war or unilateral intervention (Refugees and
the government of more than one state are involved in
violence)
f) Attacks between refugees and transnational VNSA (The
violence occurs between refugees and transnational VNSA ((
non-state armed groups operating across several countries))
Refugee-Related Political Violence
Zambia
Uganda
Tanzania
Sudan
South Sudan
South Africa
Rwanda
Nigeria
Niger
Libya
Liberia
Kenya
Ghana
Ethiopia
Ivory Coast
Congo
DRC
Chad
Central African Republic
Cameroon
Burundi
Benin
16
14
12
10
9 10 2003-2007 2008-2012 2013-2018
A B " C " D " E HF
HIV/AIDS• Progress has been faltering, resources have been shrinking and inequalities
have been widening -1.3 million new HIV infections in 2022 - more than the
global goals.
• Globally, 38.4 million [33.9-43.8 million] people were living with HIV at the end
of 2022.
• Mortality - 650 000 people died of HIV-related illnesses worldwide in 2021.
• Two main institutions - WHO (World Health Organization) and UNDAIDS (Joint
United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS).
• HIV - Human, National and International Security.
• Armed conflict can increase the likelihood of exposure to HIV infection in several
of the following ways:
A) Population displacement
B) Breakdown of traditional sexual norms
C) Vulnerability of women and girls
D) Rape as a weapon of war
E) Collapse of health systems
F) Increased substance use
HIV in Africa
State % in the
population
Eswatini •^1 26%
Botswana 23,4%
Lesotho 23,3%
South Africa 17%
Zimbabwe 15%
Namibia 13,5%
Kenya 6,2%
Tanzania 5%
Rwanda •^1 3%
Burundi 3%
Uganda •^1 7%
HIV/AIDS
4 0 0 0
PEOPLE B E C O M E I N F E C T E D
W I T H HIV EVERY DAY
6 5 0 0 0 0
PEOPLE DIED OF AIDSRELATED
CAUSES IN 2021
FIGURE 0,3 change in the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy by region, sub-Saharan Africa, 2001-2021
EASTERN A N D SOUTHERN AFRICA
< 1 600 000
_, I 4Dj lO'j
<
g 1 200 000
HIV in Africa
100
86%
ü
People living ajith HIV who know their HIV status People living with HIV * h o are on treatment
• 2D1S • 2D22
Source: UMAIDS special analysis of epidemiological estimates. 2Q21.
HIV/AIDS
FIGURE 0.8 Distribution of acquisition of new HIV infections by population, global, sub-Saharan Africa and rest of the world, 2021
G L O B A L S U B - S A H A R A N A F R I C A REST O F T H E W O R L D
SEX W O R K E R S
PEOPLE W H O I N J E C T D R U G S
G A Y M E N A N D O T H E R M E N W H O H A V E SEX W I T H M E N
T R A N S G E N D E R W O M E N
C L I E N T S OF SEX W O R K E R S A N D SEX P A R T N E R S
O F KEY P O P U L A T I O N S
R E M A I N I N G P O P U L A T I O N
HIV/AIDS-Targets
Global AIDS Strategy 2021-2026 and Ending Inequalities and Getting on Track
to End AIDS by 2030
2025 targets
© R e d u c e annual A I D S - r e l a t e d d e a t h s t o u n d e r
2 5 0 0 0 0 by 2 0 2 5 .
© Ensure t h a t 3 4 million p e o p l e are o n HIV
t r e a t m e n t by 2 0 2 5 .
© A c h i e v e t h e 95—95-95 t e s t i n g , t r e a t m e n t
a n d viral s u p p r e s s i o n targets w i t h i n all
d e m o g r a p h i c s a n d g r o u p s a n d g e o g r a p h i c
settings, i n c l u d i n g c h i l d r e n a n d a d o l e s c e n t s
living w i t h HIV.
r 9 5 % of p e o p l e living w i t h HIV k n o w their
HIV status.
• 9 5 % of p e o p l e w h o k n o w their HIV-positive
status are accessing t r e a t m e n t .
• 9 5 % of p e o p l e o n t r e a t m e n t have
s u p p r e s s e d viral loads.
© Ensure t h a t 9 0 % of p e o p l e living w i t h HIV
receive p r e v e n t i v e t r e a t m e n t for t u b e r c u l o s i s
b y 2 0 2 5 .
© R e d u c e t u b e r c u l o s i s - r e l a t e d d e a t h s a m o n g
p e o p l e living w i t h HIV b y 8 0 % b y 2 0 2 5
( c o m p a r e d t o a 2 0 1 0 baseline).
2025 targets
© Reduce new HIV infections to under
370 000 by 2025.
S Ensure that 95% of people at risk of HIV
infection, within all epidemiological^ relevant
groups, age groups and geographic settings,
have access to and use appropriate, prioritized,
person-centred and effective combination
prevention options.
© Reduce the number of new HIV infections
among adolescent girls and young women to
below 50 000 by 2025.
S Ensure availability of PrEP for (10 million)
people at substantial risk of HIV and PEP for
people recently exposed to HIV by 2025.
© 95% of people within humanitarian settings at
risk of HIV use appropriate, prioritized,
people-centred and effective combination
prevention options.
HIV/AIDS-Targets
FIGURE 1.3 Number of new HIV infections, global, 1990-2021 r and 2025 target
5 000 000
£ 4 000 000
C
i -
u
LLI
z 3 000 000
>
^ 2 000 000
LL
C
LE
LL
d
i i oaoooa
z
— N E W H I V I N F E C T I O N S 2 0 2 5 T A R G E T
HIV/AIDS-Targets
FIGURE 1.10 Number of A IDS-related deaths, global, 1990-2021, and 2025 target
5 000 000
I 4 000 000
LL
3 0Q0 000
< 2 000 000
LL
G
1 0 0 0 ooo
— A I D S - R E L A T E D DEATHS 2 0 2 5 TARGET
Source: UNAIDS e p i d e m i o l o g i c a l estimates, 2022 (https://aidsirifo.unaids.orgj'}.
HIV in Africa
Bushmeat theory - Cameroon.
7 1 % of the total HIV population lives in Sub-Africa.
Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation .
UNAIDS - Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
Causes of expansion in Africa: behavioral factors, lack of money, natural
disasters and conflicts, health industry, medical suspicion, circumcision?,
religious factors, educational level, pove "
n
Uganda - ABC campaign
HIV in Africa
• Justus Amuche Nweze - HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: Current status,
challenges and prospects.
Reasons for the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa:
a) The initial responses to HIV in Africa and the West
b) Cultural behaviors and beliefs (Widow inheritance/Sexual cleansing, Postpartum
sexual abstinence, Virgin cleansing fable, Ritualised non-marital sexual intercourse)
c) Multiple sexual partners
d) Poverty, conflict/war, migration, and HIV/AIDS
e) Blood transfusion and HIV
f) HIV/AIDS-associated stigma and discrimination
Thank you for your
attention