1
Film Analysis Guide
Basic Terms
Shot One continuous piece of film footage, ending with an edit.
Sequence A series of shots combined to represent a discrete set of
actions or a coherent narrative section.
Trope A common convention repeated in many films. A symbolic
visual, auditory, or narrative element with a predictable meaning.
Motif Anything repeated more than a few times in a film. A motif can be visual
(an image or cinematic technique), sonic (a sound or piece of music), or
rhetorical (a word, phrase, metaphor, etc.).
Categories of Analysis
Cinematography A term used to define the ways in which the camera captures the shot.
Under the heading of cinematography, we speak of such things as the
different lenses used by the camera, how the camera frames the shot, the
angle of the camera relative to the action, and how the camera moves.
Editing Refers to how the individual shots are spliced together. The norm here is
“continuity editing,” in which shots are put together to achieve narrative
continuity—to make the action appear to flow logically and naturally from
shot to shot.
Mise-en-scène Literally meaning “put into the scene,” this term refers to the arrangement
of actors and objects in front of the camera. Setting, lighting, costuming,
and acting are aspects of mise-en-scène.
Sound Refers to both the sounds that come from the scene itself, such as spoken
dialogue or ambient noise, and the sounds that are imposed on the scene,
such as voice-overs or musical scores.
2
Cinematography
Camera Distance
Extreme Long Shot A shot of a character’s full figure at a great distance, including a panoramic
view of the surroundings.
Long Shot A shot that includes a character’s full figure as well as the surroundings.
Medium Shot A shot that captures a figure from the waist up.
Close-Up The frame is filled primarily by the subject’s face, including little to no
background.
Extreme Close-Up A shot filled entirely by a small part of the subject’s body.
Camera Angle
High Angle The camera looks down at the subject.
Low Angle The camera looks up at the subject.
Canted Angle A shot in which the framing is tipped, or no longer horizontal.
Mobile Framing
Pan The camera scans horizontally from a fixed axis.
Tilt The camera scans vertically from a fixed axis.
Track The camera follows the action, travelling along a parallel path to capture
the movement.
3
Lenses and Focus
Long Lens Also called a “telephoto lens,” this long focal length lens is used to capture
subjects at a distance. It foreshortens the distance between background
and foreground.
Wide Lens A short focal length lens that emphasizes the distance between foreground
and background.
Deep Focus Objects in the background and foreground are equally in focus.
Shallow Focus Only objects in one plane are in focus, while others are out of focus.
Rack Focus A shift from one plane of focus to another within a shot.
Zoom Changes focal length to create motion towards or away from the subject.
Process Shots
Superimposition Images are overlaid within the frame.
Digital Animation Images created or modified by computer software.
Title Cards Text from outside the world of the narrative appearing on screen to supply
information to the audience.
Editing
Basic Terms
Continuity Editing The process of putting shots together to create the impression of
continuous narrative time and/or visually coherent space.
4
Cut An immediate transition from one shot to the next, with no dissolve, fade,
or wipe. Straight cuts usually imply continuous action between one shot
and the next.
Dissolve A shot slowly disappears at the same time the next appears, featuring a
time during which one shot is briefly superimposed on another. Dissolves
often imply some distance in time or space between one shot and the next.
Fade A shot slowly becomes darker until the entire screen is black (“fade out”
or “fade to black”). This can be done in reverse: the shot slowly gets
brighter until the entire screen is white. A fade out is often paired with a
“fade in” in which the next shot slowly emerges from the black or white
screen. Fades often imply a greater distance in time and/or place between
one sequence and the next.
Wipe One shot “wipes” another from the screen, usually from one side of the
screen to the other, bottom to top, or top to bottom. Expanding or
contracting shapes (such as stars, circles, or hearts) can also be used to
wipe one shot from the screen and reveal the next.
Graphic and Temporal Relations
180 Degree Rule A principle of continuity editing dictating that the camera remains on one
side of the action to maintain the viewer’s perspective and understanding
of the left-right spatial relationship between characters.
Shot/ Reverse Shot Alternating shots between subjects, usually in conversation, viewed from
different camera positions.
Crosscutting Transitioning back and forth between two or more action sequences
taking place simultaneously.
Eyeline Match A cut between a shot of a person looking towards an object and a shot of
the object being viewed.
5
Match on Action A cut that transitions between two different views of the same action so
that the action appears continuous from one shot to the next.
Graphic match A cut that relates consecutive shots through repeated compositional
features (shapes, colors, patterns, etc.).
Jump Cut A cut that distorts continuity, causing a skip ahead in time or space.
Mise-en-scène
Basic Terms
Composition The arrangement of subjects, props, and environments within a shot.
Costumes Clothing designed to express character, social setting, and/or mythos.
Decor The set design, whether in studio or on location. Includes colors, styles,
textures, architecture, props and the sociocultural locations or
psychological states they are intended to evoke.
Lighting
Three Point Lighting Standard lighting using three light sources: a key light to provide the
main source of illumination along with a fill light from another side and
back light from behind.
High Key Nearly all parts of the image are brightly illuminated.
Low Key Extreme contrast between light and dark within an image.
Chiaroscuro The use of strong contrasts between light and dark to create a sense of
visual drama or a sense of volume and dimension to the space and the
figures within it.
6
Sound
Basic Terms
Diegetic Sound Sound produced in the world of the film, taking place within the narrative
(dialogue, sound effects, etc.).
Extradiegetic Sound Sound originating from outside the narrative, not produced in the onscreen
setting (voice-overs, soundtrack, etc.).
Sound Transition
Sound Bridge A transition assisted by a continuous sound from one scene to the next,
often to introduce a new scene before it appears visually.
Edit on Sound A cut made on a sound cue.