NORUŠ1S, Martja J. 1998. Guide ro Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River. Prentice Hall.
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An Introductory Tour: SPSS far Windows          9
► On the File menu, dick Opon. Figure 2.3   Opening a il.ii.i til.-
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When you click Open on the File menu, die Open Filc dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 2,4,
Figuro 2.4   Open Fit« dialog box
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►  Click the gss.ssv data file where it appears in the list.
►  Click Open.
10      Ch.pur    2
What if the gss.sav file doesn't appeart Only files in the current drive and directory are listed. The file you want may either he in .Mioihrr directory or saved on a different drin
To look in a parent folder (one that contains (he current folder), click the up-folder icon, as shown in Figure 2.4.
To look in a subfolder (one containeil in ihe current folder), double-click ii in the list.
To look on a different drive, click the up-folder icon repeatedly until you reach My Computer, then doubleclick the desired drive icon and continue down through die folder hierarchy on (hat drive.            ■ ■ ■
To v-e* the ůa:s ■<> u\<j Owa Edkor, from ("* /nanus choose
gss - SPSS Dole €tMot
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('"■• mi* :*:•■■'■. such as M&V end remote m the colls, (tom ihit menus choose: Vfew 'Wvetab*
When SPSS has finished reading ihe data file, it displays the data in the lima F.ditor, as shown in Figure 2.5. This particular data file contains selected information for 1500 people who were interviewed in the IW3 General Social Survey, which annually asks a broad range of questions to .i sample of adults in the United States population.
Figure 2.S   Data Editor window with GSS data
18
Figure 2.7   Frequencies dialog box with default variable labali
To make this book easier to read, we'll use variable nam« instead of labels in dialog boxes, a» shown in Figure 2.7. To display variable names rather than labels in your dialog boxes (so you can follow along with the text), you need to change one of SPSS's default option*.
►  From the menus »elect:
Edit OpdoM.H
►  In the Options dialog box, click the General tab.
►  In the Variable I.isis group box, click Display nam«.
►  Click OK.
This change dorsn't utke effect until the next time you optH a tlalti file. The effect of die changed option is shown in Figure 2.8.
An Introductory Tour: SPSS for Windows       1 3
Figura 2.8   Frequencies dialog box
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To use this dialog box:
►  Click happy in the scroll lisi and then click fjj. Uns moves happy into the VamWe(s) list.
►  Scroll down the source list until you see postlifc and move it into the Variables) Use as well.
►  Click Charts.
Uns opens the Frequencies Cham dialog box, as shown in Figure 2.9. I lere you can request charts along with your frequency tables.
Figure 2.9   Frequencies Charts dialog box
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► Select Bar charts, as shown in ľigure 2.9.
The Viewer Window
The Viewer window is where you see the statistics and graphics—the output—Írom your work in SPSS. As shown in Figure 2.10, the Viewer window is split into two pans, or panes. (A piece of a window is often called a pane in computet software, just as it is at your local hardware store.)
Figuro 2.1 0 Viewer window
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Click beio to scroll ■Ji'CMflli output
The left side (the outline pane) contains an outline view of all the different pieces of output in the Viewer, whether they ace currently visible or not. The right side (the display pane) contains the output itself.
An Introductory Tour: SPSS lor Windows       15
►  To change the sizes of the two panes (for example, to make the display pane wider), just point the mouse at the line that divides them, press the left mouse button, and drag the line to the left or right.
It's possible to ignore the outline pane and simply scroll through the output displayed in (he display pane on the right side of the Viewer. The outline view offers some handy tricks, however.
The Outline Pane
Individual portions of output are associated with "hook" icons in the outline pane. Each icon represents a particular pícce of output, such as a table of statistics or a chart.
►  If you click one of these icons in the outline pane, the associated piece of output appears instantly in the display pane. (But it may be hidden! See below.)
These icons arc the quickest navigational controls in the Viewer. • The book icons are also used to hide or display pieces of output temporarily. Notice that most of them in the outline pane arc "«pen book" icons, while a few look more like closed books. A "closed book" icon represents a hidden piece of output. Hidden output doesn't appear in the display pane but can be recovered any time you want to look at it.
►  To hide a single piece of output, double-click the open book icon. This closes the icon and hides the output associated with it.
►  To display a hidden piece of output, double-click the closed book icon. This opens the icon and displays the output associated with it.
►  To hide all of the output from a procedure such as Frequencies, click the little box containing a minus sign to the left of the procedure name. That whole part of the outline collapses, and the minus sign changes to a plus sign to show you that more output is hiding there. Click the phis :.:,;ii to .how it ill  igain.
You will find that you can do lots of things in fairly obvious ways by playing with the outline pane. Try rearranging the output (press the left mouse button on a book icon, drag it to a different place in the outline, and then release the mouse button), or deleting part of the output (click the icon and press the Delete key). The SPSS Help system can tell you all the details.
NORUŠIS, Marija J. 1998. Guide to Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River. Prentice Hall.
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► Move the mouse over lo ihc display pane and double-click on (he tabic itself to indicate that you wain to edit it.
Figura 2.12 An activated pivot tablo
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Not a lot seems to happen in Figure 2.12. The pivot table is now surrounded by a cross-hatched line to indicate tliat it is active in tlie Pivot Table Editor. Tbc SPSS toolbar vanishes, and if you watch carefully, the menu bar changes—there is now ä Pivot menu.
• Double-clicking a pivot tabic lets you edit it "in place"; that is, right where it sits in the display pane of the Viewer. If you need more room, select the pivoc table by clicking once with the left mouse burton, and from the menus choose:
Edit SPSS Pivot Table Object ► Open...
This command opens the pivot tahle into a window of its own.
When you are editing a pivot table either way, you can change almost anything about it you want. If you don't like rite label, just double-click it. It reappears as highlighted text. Type in the label the way you want it, perhaps Happiness in General, and click somewhere else to enter the new label. To change the font of the title or make it hold or italic, click the title and from the menus choose:
Foimat Font...
Then choose a different font or a bold or italic style.
An Introductory Tour: SPSS for Windows       1 9
If you don't like the way numbers are displayed in the pivot table, make sure the Pivot Table Editor is activo (by double-clicking the table in the display pane), and then cither make a selection from the Formal menu, or right-click one of the numbers in the tabic to pop up a context menu for it. Most of the things you might want to change can be found in cither of these menus under Table Properties or Cell Properties. Check out Tabic Looks, too, to sec how you can apply consistent sets of formatting to whole tables.
Changing fonts and styles and even the text of the labels in a table can make a big difference in the way the table looks. An SPSS pivot table lets you do much more than that, however. You can change the basic organization of the data presented in the table. The Pivot menu (which appears only when you have double-clicked a pivot tabic in the display frame to activate it) gives you access to powerful tools for reorganizing the table. To get p feel for these tools, activate a pivot table, and from the menus choose:
Pivot Transpose Rows and Columns
The same information is displayed. The different codes or responses to the question, which were laid out vertically, arc now laid out horizontally; the different types of statistical summaries, which were laid out horizontally, arc now laid out vertically.
To see the pivot table as it was before, simply transpose the rows and columns again.
This example is a very simple pivot table. Multidimensional tables offer many more structural possibilities. You can explore those in the SPSS online Help system, or if you like, to see how things work you can build a complex table and srart pivoting.
NORUŠIS, Marija J. 1998. Guide to Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall.
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