Introduction to Neuropsychology



Introduction
nLecture Series:
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1.(a) Introduction; (b) Memory
2.Visual Perception
3.Motor Behaviour
4.Emotion
5.Executive Function

Introduction
n...lectures
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6.Language
7.Lateralisation
8.Current Issues/Debates
9.Revision/Discussion
10.Exam

nPresentations (30%)
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n15min presentation (groups [3]) on a particular area of neuropsychology (e.g. memory)
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a)An understanding of the behavioural deficits that result from the circumscribed brain damage
b)An appreciation for the inferences that can be drawn from the presented case(s)
c)An awareness of the advantages and limitations of the “lesion” approach in advancing our
understanding of brain-behaviour relationships, within the context of the presented case(s).
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Introduction

22 (enrolled) students, 8 (presentation) weeks, 7/8 topics = 8 groups of (at least) 3 students
Oliver Sacks

nExam (70%)
n
n1hr written exam answering 2 questions (related to areas covered in the lectures)
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a)An understanding of the behavioural deficits that result from the circumscribed brain damage
b)An appreciation for the inferences that can be drawn from the presented case(s)
c)An awareness of the advantages and limitations of the “lesion” approach in advancing our
understanding of brain-behaviour relationships, within the context of the presented case(s).
Introduction

Example questions at the end of every lecture

Basic Anatomy
BA_Image.gif Lobes_Image.gif

Not an anatomy course

Basic Anatomy
Arteries 4.jpg Arteries 5.jpg Arteries 3.jpg

Stroke: Ischemic (clot) vs. Hemorrhage (rupture)

Basic Anatomy
3 - ACA.GIF
Arteries 5.jpg

Infarct (oxygen)

Basic Anatomy
1 - MCA.GIF 2 - pMCA.GIF Arteries 3.jpg


Basic Anatomy
Arteries 4.jpg 4 - PCA.GIF 5 - PCA.GIF


Memory
Patient H.M.
(The Hippocampus)

Hippocampus.GIF
Hippocampus

Entorhinal cortex; parahippocampal gyrus; Collateral sulcus

Hippocampus
9.GIF 10.GIF


Patient H.M.
7.GIF
(Scoville & Milner, 1957)

Patient H.M.
        (Scoville & Milner, 1957) (Corkin et al., 1997)
operation.GIF

Posterior section of hippocampus atrophied

Patient H.M.
(Corkin et al., 1997)
11.GIF 12.GIF

PHG – parahippocampal gyrus; LGN – lateral geniculate nucleus; MMN - Mamillary nuclei; EC –
entorhinal cortex; CS – Collateral sulcus; Posterior/caudal section atrophic

Patient H.M.
(Scoville & Milner, 1957; Milner, Corkin & Teuber, 1968)
§ Bilateral medial temporal-lobe excisions (5cm posterior) in 1953 (27yrs old)
§ At 19 months
x Retrograde amnesia (3yrs)
x Anterograde amnesia
x Age*, date, address*
x Verbal stimuli
x Non-verbal stimuli
ü IQ = 104-112
ü Good vocabulary/articulation
ü Visual perception
ü Abstract thinking*
ü Reasoning ability
ü No change in personality
ü Normal digit span

* = Tower of Hanoi

Patient H.M.
IQ vs. Memory
1.GIF
(Corkin, 1984)

Dissociation between memory and other cognitive faculties

Wechsler Memory Scale
(WMS-IV)
WMS.GIF Visual Span.GIF Visual Addition.GIF Design Memory.GIF

Patient H.M.
Perception
(Milner, Corkin & Teuber, 1968)
5.GIF 6.GIF

Mooney face-perception task: High-level perceptual task (no continuous contours); 44 faces; Guess
age and sex of face

Patient H.M.
Executive function
4.GIF
(Milner, Corkin & Teuber, 1968)

K.M. – bilateral frontal lobectomy; F.C. And P.B. – left temporal lobectomies (with abnormalities
in right temporal lobe)

Patient H.M.
Short-term Memory (STM)
11.GIF
(Wickelgren, 1968)

Delays: 0.25-8s. Primacy and recency effect

Patient H.M.
Long-term Memory (LTM)
(Marlsen-Wilson & Teuber, 1975)
2.GIF

Not a storage problem

Patient H.M.
Non-verbal LTM
4.GIF
(Milner, 1965)
6.GIF 1.GIF

Degree/severity of damage determines severity of behavioural deficit.

Patient K.F.
Double Dissociation (STM)
STM.GIF
(Shallice & Warrington, 1969)
1.GIF

Span of 1-2 for letters, digits, and disconnected words (STM). Learning of words (LTM) equivalent
to controls.

Hippocampus: Lateralisation
3.GIF
(Milner, 1965)
6.GIF

Right – spatial/visual; Left – verbal

Patient H.M.
Non-verbal LTM
9.GIF 10.GIF

6.GIF
Patient H.M.
2.GIF
(Milner, 1965)

Increased dexterity with stylus – Evidence of learning

Patient H.M.
Procedural LTM
1.GIF
(Milner, 1962; [Corkin, 1968])

Motor learning (Declarative vs. Non-declarative)

13.GIF
Patient N.A.
Perception
(Tueber, Milner & Vaughan, 1968)
basal.GIF D:\Docs\Talks\golin2.png

Stab wound: Left dorsal thalamus (forms circuit with fornices and mammillary nuclei)/basal
forebrain (projects to hippocampus and amygdala) – disconnection between thalamic and MTL. Figure:
Hidden-figures test (no perceptual deficit).

Patient N.A.
Non-verbal LTM
2.GIF 3.GIF
(Tueber, Milner & Vaughan, 1968)

Rey-Osterreith figure. Copy - 40min later.

Patient N.A.
Non-verbal LTM
(Tueber, Milner & Vaughan, 1968)
4.GIF

Full scale IQ = 118; Performance when copying Rey-Osterreith figure.

Patient N.A.
Non-verbal LTM
7.GIF 4.GIF
(Tueber, Milner & Vaughan, 1968)
6.GIF

Patient N.A.
Verbal LTM
5.GIF
(Tueber, Milner & Vaughan, 1968)

Patient N.A.
Procedural LTM
6.GIF
(Cohen & Squire, 1980)

Patient R.B.
Hippocampus: CA1
2.GIF
(Zola-Morgan, Squire & Amaral, 1980)

Patient R.B.
Hippocampus: CA1
3.GIF
(Zola-Morgan, Squire & Amaral, 1980)

Reproduction 10-20min later; left – 6m post-morbid; right – 23m post-morbid

4.GIF
Patient R.B.
Hippocampus: CA1
(Zola-Morgan, Squire & Amaral, 1980)

Animal Models
Neuroanatomy
1.GIF
(Mishkin, 1978)

Animal Models
Consolidation
consolidation.GIF consolidation 2.GIF
(Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1990)

Non-match to sample in monkeys

Animal Models
Consolidation
(Kim & Fanselow, 1992)
1.GIF 2.GIF

Freezing response in fear-conditioned rats

Animal Models
STM vs. LTM
(Alvarez, Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1994)
STM-LTM.GIF STM-LTM 2.GIF

Architecture of Memory
Memory + structures.GIF
(Squire & Knowlton, 1995; Vargha-Khadem, 1997)

Vargha-Khadem (1997) – semantic and episodic can be dissociated?

The End



Example Exam Questions
1.How have neuropsychological investigations revealed multiple memory systems?
2.How has H.M. informed the neuropsychology of memory
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