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Techniques in Cognitive
Neuroscience
Daniel Shaw, M.Sc.
Shaw et al. (2011a) Development of the Action-Observation Network
During Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study. Social, Cognitive, and
Affective Neuroscience [SCAN]...
Shaw et al. (2011b). Development of Functional Connectivity During
Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study Using an Action-Observation
Paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience....
Shaw et al. (submitted). Development of Functional Connectivity in the
Face-Processing Network During Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study.
Journal of Neuroscience....
Introduction
Lecture Series:
1. (a) Introduction; (b) Neuropsychology
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
3. Functional MRI (fMRI)
4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
5. Electroencephalography (EEG/ERP)
Introduction
...lectures
6. Combining Techniques (e.g. TMS-fMRI)
7. Revision/Discussion
8. Exam
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Essay (50%)
 1500 word research proposal, applying a
technique of choice to a research area of
choice
a) Show understanding of the neurophysiologic underpinnings of the chosen
technique(s)
b) Show awareness of the applications of the chosen technique in a particular
domain of neuroscience research
c) Shown an appreciation for the inferences that can be drawn through applications
of the chosen technique(s)
d) Shown understanding of the advantages and limitations of the chosen
technique(s)
Introduction
Exam (50%)
 1hr written exam answering 2 questions
(related to techniques covered in the
lectures)
a) Show understanding of the neurophysiologic underpinnings of the chosen
technique(s)
b) Show a critical awareness of the applications of the chosen technique in
neuroscience research
c) Shown understanding of the advantages and limitations of the chosen
technique(s)
Introduction
Neuropsychology
The “Lesion Method”
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Basic Anatomy
Basic Anatomy
Basic Anatomy
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Basic Anatomy
Memory
Amnesic Patient H.M.
(Scoville & Milner, 1957; Corkin et al., 1997)
Memory
Amnesic Patient H.M.
(Corkin, 1984)
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Memory
Amnesic Patient H.M.
(Wickelgren, 1968)
Memory
Amnesic Patient H.M.
(Marlsen-Wilson & Teuber, 1975)
Memory
Amnesic Patient H.M.
(Milner, 1965)
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Memory
Amnesic Patient H.M.
(Milner, 1962; [Corkin, 1968])
Language
Expressive (Broca’s) Aphasia
 Impairment of verbal expression (spoken and written), with
(relatively) unimpaired comprehension
 Speech limited to agrammatical sentences with omissions of
modifiers or propositions
 e.g. “Me go” vs “I am going”
(Broca, 1861; Geschwind, 1970; 1965)
Language
Receptive (Wernicke’s) Aphasia
 Impairment of verbal comprehension (spoken and written), with
(relatively) unimpaired fluent expression
 Spoken and written language is fluent and grammatically correct,
but nonsensical
 Paraphasias and neologisms
(Geschwind, 1970; Ogden, 2005)
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Double Dissociations
 Single Dissociation
 Damage to brain structure A causes a deficit in behaviour A but
not in behaviour B
 Suggest that behaviours A and B are independent of one
another and associated with the brain structure(s)
 But resource artefact
 Double Dissociation
 Damage to brain structure A causes a deficit in behaviour A but
not in behaviour B, and damage to brain structure B causes a
deficit in behaviour B but not in behaviour A
 Behaviours A and B are independent of one another and
associated with independent brain structures
(Chater & Ganis, 1991)
(Geschwind, 1965; 1970)
Language
Wernicke’s Theory
Language
Wernicke’s Theory
(Geschwind, 1965; 1970)
 Expressive (Broca’s) aphasia
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(Geschwind, 1965; 1970)
Language
Wernicke’s Theory
 Receptive (Wernicke’s) aphasia
(Geschwind, 1965; 1970)
Language
Wernicke’s Theory
 Global aphasia
(Geschwind, 1965; 1970)
Language
Wernicke’s Theory
 Disconnection Syndrome (“Aphasia of the insula region”; Wernicke,
1874)
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Language
Conduction Aphasia
 Impairment of repetition, with (relatively) unimpaired fluent
expression and verbal comprehension
 Repetition severely impaired
(Fridriksson et al., 2010)
Language
Arcuate Fasciculus
(Petrides & Pandya, 1984; see Mariën & Abutalebi, 2008)
Visual Perception
Two Visual Systems
(Milner & Goodale, 1995; 2008; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982)
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Visual Perception
Two Visual Systems
Visual Perception
Visual Form Agnosia (D.F.)
(Goodale et al., 1994; James et al., 2003)
(Goodale, Milner, Jakobson & Carey, 1991)
Visual Perception
Visual Form Agnosia (D.F.)
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Visual Perception
Visual Form Agnosia (D.F.)
(Goodale et al., 1994)
Visual Perception
Visual Form Agnosia (D.F.)
(Goodale, Jakobson & Keillor, 1994)
Visual Perception
Vision for Action
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Visual Perception
Optic Ataxia (R.V.)
(Goodale et al., 1994)
(Goodale et al., 1994)
Visual Perception
Optic Ataxia (R.V.)
(Milner et al., 2003)
Vision for Action
Optic Ataxia (I.G.)
 A = object present; B = pantomimed actions to removed objects
 Requires visual memory representation
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Discussion
 Advantages
1. Early neuropsychological investigations led to animals models
that advanced dramatically our understanding of brainbehaviour
relationships
2. Animals models can’t be used to investigate language
3. Neuropsychological investigations inform cognitive models
(e.g. identify cognitive sub-systems)
4. Neuropsychological investigations permit formal testing of
cognitive models
5. Case studies can lead to tailored rehabilitation programs
 High variability in brain morphology (i.e. sulci/gyri; regions/BAs)
Limitations
1. Morphological Variability
(Amunts et al., 2004)
 High variability in location and extent of lesion
 Overlay method permits group studies
Limitations
2a. Lesion Variability
(Rorden & Karnath, 2004; Frederickson et al., 2010)
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 High variability in time lapsed since lesion
 Post-stroke anatomical/functional re-organisation occurs
rapidly and in a time-dependent manner
(Crammer, 2004)
Limitations
2b. Lesion Variability
Limitations
4. Neural Plasticity...
 Re-organisation of neural systems following perturbation
 Synaptic plasticity
 LTP/LTD
 Anatomic plasticity
 Cortico-cortical
 Re-myelination
(Raineteau et al., 2001)
 Re-organisation of neural systems following perturbation
 e.g. Contralateral compensation
(Crammer, 2001)
Limitations
4. Neural Plasticity...
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The End