PROCESS

Function refers to the purpose for creating and receiving media presentations. As it relates to genre study, a function approach addresses the following questions:
•  Why do media communicators produce particular genres?
•  What purposes are served by watching a genre such as a horror film or a reality show?
•  Why are people (both media communicators and their audience) attracted to particular genres?
• What can we learn about a genre by identifying its functions?

FORMULAIC ANALYSIS

Genres  are  characterized  by  common  formulaic  elements.  Formula refers to patterns in premise, structure, characters, plot, and trappings. As John  Cawelti  observes,  “Individual  works  are  ephemeral,  but  the formula lingers on, evolving and changing with time, yet still basically recognizable.” Formula serves as a guide for the audience, providing clues and cues that help them negotiate meaning as they read a novel or watch the news on television. Early on, children learn the “language” of film: for instance, how to recognize a flashback or identify heroes and villains.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

A historical approach to genre analysis offers a way to put prominent events and figures of the day into meaningful perspective. A historical approach  can  provide  insight  into  the  influence  of  current  events  on genres. For instance, the events of 9/11 had a discernable impact on the focus of the crime genre. The plotlines of crime programs such as CSI and Without a Trace represent a departure from the old crime shows.

CULTURAL CONTEXT

Genres reflectcultural attitudes, values, behaviors, preoccupations, and myths. How does this work? Popular programming reflects a level of acceptance and shared values among large numbers of people. People tend to watch programs that meet their approval. If we are truly offended by violent programs, we will not watch them. Within this context, a popular genre can furnish perspective into the prevailing cultural, historical, political, economic, religious, and legal sensibilities of a country.

FORMULAIC ANALYSIS OF NARRATIVE