intern ":i.-.r.-'i • = ■/10 i V !' =13 r 0 James A. Anderson Robert Burgess Arlene Kaplan Daniels Michelle Fine . Kenneth j. Gergen . Henry Giroux Jaber F. Gubrium Anton Kuzel Meaghan Morris David Silverman Robert E. Stake John Van Maanen William Foote Whyte Harry F. Wolcott Out;s "teiiHiffg'ContfT Patricia A. Adler Jaber F. Gubrium VVi.rl LUter Peter Adler David Hamilton Janice f.* Iv'crse David L. Auheide Mariyn Hwrimersiey Virginia Olesen Paul Atkinson Douglas Harper Maurice Punci' D. Jean Clandinin lan Hodder PoIt.- Reason F. Michae! Connelly James A. HOiSleiii Lyr. llic'narcs Juliet Corbin A. M.chael Huberman i'homas J. Richards Benjjmnr Crablrcc Vaisrie J. Janesick ic'.'idRchürcW' Betsy Cullum-Swan JohnO..Ahnsen fUiyC Rist Norman K, Denzin Joe L. Krr.chsio-3 f'iomaä A. Sciwanoi Michelle Fine YvonnaS. Lincoln • LjuisM. Smith John Fiske Glanford U. i.yran Ro'i- !E.5\-' = Andrea Fontana Peior K. Manning J'lhiiH Stunfo'dll James H. Frey George E. Marcus Ansolrr Strauss Jennifer C.Greene Peter L McLaren GuyeTuchman Egon G. Guba M-ilthev/9.?:i'" .■irtvjr J. Viiiicn .-1 -j'-.-Jfc: Pi.'!jlicati:::iS infini-lunul EüucaUoiu! .ad Proiej,-i'jr- :l fubn T.'nuhdiin Oj'.s Ldi«:-. Ne-.v Do1«1 6780143926798 19228286^^4 In discipline after discipline, old models, methods, and theories of research have been supplanted or supplemented by new paradigms, strategies, and techniques based on a naturalistic study of people in their social and cultural environment. The Handbook of Qualitative Research is the first attempt to synthesize this vast world of activity. The handbook moves from the theoretical to the specific, examining the various paradigms for doing qualitative work, the strategies developed for studying people in their natural setting, and a variety of techniques for collecting, analyzing; interpreting, and reporting findings. Contributors to this authoritative volume represent disciplines as diverse as sociology and education, medicine and communication, anthropology and policy studies, and come from three continents. Edited by two leading qualitative researchers, Norman K. Oenzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, assisted by an international editorial board of renowned scholars, the Handbook of Qualitative Research is the essential resource for anyone doing work in this international, interdisciplinary tradition, and a benchmark volume for future qualitative researchers. Knihovna FSS MU Brno 4240702375 ISBN 0-8039-4679-1 cloth 4240702375 India methi suppl parac on a I and 4 Qual synth hand speo doinj for si aval interi Con| repri and ant!" frort! Edit Nori assi renj Qui fori inte voli ISB INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD James A. Anderson Communication, University of Utah Robert Burgess Sociology, University of Warwick Arlene Kaplan Daniels Sociology, Northwestern University Michelle Fine Education, New York University Anton Kuzel Family Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Kenneth J. Gergen Psychology, Swarthmore College Henry Giroux Education, Pennsylvania State University Jaber F. Gubrium Sociology, University of Florida Meaghan Morris Cultural Studies, Independent Scholar David Silverman Sociology, Goldsmith College, University of London Robert E. Stake Education, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign John Van Maanen Sloan School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology William Foote Whyte Sociology, Cornell University Harry Wolcott Education and Anthropology, University of Oregon ";V; Handbookof Qualitative Research Norman K. Denzin Yvonna S. Lincoln editors SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi I Copyright © 1994 by Sage Publications, Inc. In discipline e methods, an<| supplanted o paradigms, sj on a naturalis and cultural ( Qualitative I synthesize tt handbookm specific, exa doing qualita for studying a variety of t interpreting, Contributors; represent di and educätii anthropolog from three q Edited by tv Norman K. assisted by renowned s Qualitative for anyone interdiscipli volume for! ISBN 0-8031 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address: SAGE Publications, [nc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 PfVlZE 2008 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India ÚSTŘEDNÍ KNIHOVNA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA SRNO Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Main entry under title: Handbook of qualitative research / edited by Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8039-4679-1 1. Social sciences—Research. I. Denzin, Norman K. II. Lincoln, Yvonna S. 111. Title: Qualitative research. H62.H2455 1994 300',72—dc20 93-36736 Contents 96 97 98 99 00 01 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 Sage Production Editor: Astrid Virding Preface ix 1. Introduction: Entering the Field of Qualitative Research Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln 1 Part I. Locating the Field 19 ,2. Qualitative Methods: Their History in Sociology and Anthropology Arthur J. Vidich and Stanford M. Lyman 23 3. Traditions, Preferences, and Postures in Applied Qualitative Research David Hamilton 60 4. Working the Hyphens: Reinventing Self and Other in Qualitative Research Michelle Fine 70 5. Politics and Ethics in Qualitative Research Maurice Punch 83 Part II. Major Paradigms and Perspectives 99 6. Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research Egon G. Guba and Yvonna S. Lincoln 105 7. Constructivist, Interpretivist Approaches to Human Inquiry Thomas A. Schwandt 118 8. Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research Joe L. Kincheloe and Peter L. McLaren 138 9. Feminisms and Models of Qualitative Research Virginia Olesen 158 ,10. Ethnic Modeling in Qualitative Research John H. Stanfield II 175 11. Audiencing: Cultural Practice and Cultural Studies JohnFiske 189 Part III. Strategies of Inquiry 199 Part V. The Art of Interpretation, Evaluation, and Presentation 479 In disc'tpliri methods,] supplants! paradigm! on a natui and cultut Quaiitatif synthesis handbooll specific, i doing qui for studyil i a variety i interpreti! Contribuf: represent andeduo anthropo! fromthre Edited b) Norman Í assisted; renowne Qualitať for anyoi interdiso volume I ISBNO-a 12. The Dance of Qualitative Research Design: Metaphor, Methodolatry, and Meaning Valerie J. Janesick 13. Designing Funded Qualitative Research Janice M. Morse 14. Case Studies Robert E. Stake ^15. Ethnography and Participant Observation Paul Atkinson and Martyn Hammersley 16. Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology, and Interpretive Practice James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium il7. Grounded Theory Methodology: An Overview Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin 18. Biographical Method Louis M. Smith 19. Historical Social Science: Methodologies, Methods, and Meanings Gaye Tuchman ^20. Three Approaches to Participative Inquiry Peter Reason 21. Clinical Research William L. Miller and Benjamin F. Crabtree Part IV. Methods of Collecting and Analyzing Empirical Materials 22. Interviewing: The Art of Science Andrea Fontana and James H. Frey ■v23. Observational Techniques Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler 24. The Interpretation of Documents and Material Culture Ian Hodder 25. On the Authority of the Image: Visual Methods at the Crossroads Douglas Harper , 26. Personal Experience Methods D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly 27. Data Management and Analysis Methods ^: A. Michael Huberman and Matthew B. Miles 28. Using Computers in Qualitative Research Thomas J. Richards and Lyn Richards 29. Narrative, Content, and Semiotic Analysis Peter K. Manning and Betsy Cullum-Swan 209 ( 220) 236 248 262 273 286 306 324 340 353 361 377 393 403 413 428 445 463 30. Criteria for Assessing Interpretive Validity in Qualitative Research David L. Altheide and John M. Johnson 31. The Art and Politics of Interpretation Norman K. Denzin 32. Writing: A Method of Inquiry Laurel Richardson 33. Qualitative Program Evaluation: Practice and Promise Jennifer C. Greene 34. Influencing the Policy Process With Qualitative Research Ray C. Rist Part VI. The Future of Qualitative Research (35. What Comes (Just) After "Post"? The Case of Ethnography George E. Marcus 36. The Fifth Moment Yvonna S. Lincoln and Norman K. Denzin Name Index Subject Index About the Authors 485 500/ , 516 530 ) 545 SS9 563 575 587 608 634