Ghetto as a space of socially excluded people n nSocial exclusion as insufficient involvement in the systems of production, family life, life of the community and political life, nSocial exclusion as lack of access to basic civil rights, including the right to political and religious beliefs, nSocial exclusion as lack of recognition within civic society, involvement in cultural activities, nSocial exclusion lack of sharing of social rights, including the right to access social institutions, education and health care, to enjoy social protection and to be able to secure housing. Ghetto nWacquant defines ghetto as an „ethno-race formation that combines all four forms of race superiority: categorization, discrimination, segregation, and exclusivist violence“. nJary&Jary: „…ghetto is a part of the city that is inhabited by culturally and ethnically homogeneous group, but at the same time by socially disadvantaged people for whom society has no usage“. Ghettoization nThe process by which minority groups are forced out of the mainstream either physically or culturally. nThe term ghettoization refers to systematic push of groups of people that do not belong to the core part of society into an overcrowded urban area often associated with specific ethnic or racial populations living below the poverty line. De-ghettoization nContinuous process of ghettoization can be portrayed as a spiral of self-fulfilling prophecies of majority about excluded group. Ghettoization has its internal logic – after one step necessarily another one will follow and it is increasingly difficult to overcome problems connected to it once processes reached its higher levels. nProcesses of ghettoization have several stages and they are both reasons and consequences of the process: stigmatization of the group and its spatial exclusion, social exclusion, repression against it and its eventual physical violence. nDe-ghettoization means to break gradation of social exclusion and return to „zero point“ – where stigmatization of the group will be solved and members of the community will approached as individuals without stereotypes. n Ghettoization in Central European region and its internal logic nLegitimization of radical approaches nForcible move so-called „un-adjustable“ citizens into locality unsuitable for living nClosing of the locality, establishment of physical and symbolic boundaries and „no go areas“ nSystematic lost of social capital in relation to other parts of the city nClosing of the locality from inside – demands for inclusive space nEstablishment of parallel institutions nOpen animosities toward institutions of a dominant group on the territory of a „ghetto“ nEmergence of culture in isolation nEscape of last remnants of the middle class nEmergence of pathological behavior nFurther stigmatization /for instance removal of services/ nComplete abandonment of the locality by city nEstablishment of the new „rules of the game“ inside the ghetto nResignation of inhabitants of the ghetto, alienation and anomy reaching unprecedented levels Ghettoization as a social problem? nTwo types of problems: routine and social problems. n nSocial problem as a „certain situation in the life of significant group of people that is in contradiction with their norms, values, and needs, it creates some difficulties to them and they perceive it as unnecessary“. Four stages of a social problem evolution n1. Emergence and defining of a social problem n2. Acceptance of a problem by society n3. Mobilization in order to introduce solutions and institutionalization of the problem n4. Solution of the problem Matured social problem nTerm „social problem“ therefore can be understood as a situation in a life of significant group of people that is in contradiction with their norms and needs, and they are ready and capable to solve it by collective activity. nMatured social „problem“ is a social problem that affects significant group of people, these people publically express their readiness to solve it, they know how to solve it, and they created opportunities to solve it. Conditions necessary for social problems positive solutions nLegislative n nFinancial n nInstitutional n nSocial Social conditions nBelieve that a problem can be solved nBelieve of being able to competent to judge the situation nExistence of socially accepted norms of „normal“ situation nTrust in possibility to engage in order to deal with a problem nComplex information about the situation nReadiness to be involved in the process of problems solving nTrust in competence of responsible institutions nTrust in democratic solutions of a problem Conclusions nGhettoization is not perceived as a social problem by any of significant strata of society. nGhettoization is direct consequence of fragmentarization of society in late modernity and crumbling social cohesion of post-modern societies. nProcesses of de-ghettoization cannot be introduced without strong pressure from the government, often against the will of people, communities, and local governments.