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Basic structure of argumentation
Lukáš Lehotský
How does argumentation differ
from other speech acts?
Basic components of persuasion
Context Substance Delivery
Context
Let's meet at 8
Zdroj: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-33099289
Myself
Others
Myself Others
Substance
Toulmin model
Ground
Conclusion
Warrant
Backing
Why do we need model?
"I can make an egg bounce"
Bouncy egg
• Ground
• Liquid objects with thin membrane cover are able to bounce off the
hard surface
• Warrant
• Cured egg is a liquid object with thin membrane cover
• Conclusion
• Cured egg is able to bounce off hard surface
• Backing
• If an egg is cured in vinegar for 24 hours, calcium carbonate in the
egg shell reacts with vinegar and dissolves. Outer shell of an egg is
decimated into flexible membrane, which allows egg to bounce off a
hard surface
Simplified argumentation model
Claim
Explanation Evidence
Chinese food
•Claim
• Chinese cooking is healthy food to eat
•Explanation
• Food containing vegetables is healthy food to eat
• Chinese cooking uses lots of fresh vegetables in many
dishes
•Evidence
• Fresh vegetables provide vitamins and other nutrients
while having little fat
• Data from The World Obesity Foundation show that the
percentage of population suffering from obesity is 3% in
China while in EU countries such as Slovakia it is 18%.
Common use of argumentation
Claim Evidence
Delivery
Structure
Rhetoric
Thank You for Your attention
•Huber, R. - Snider, A. C. Influencing through
Argument. Idebate press, NY. 2006
•Johnson, R. H. - Blair J. A. Logical Self-Defense.
Idebate press, NY. 2006
•Johnson, S. L. Winning Debates: A guide to Debating
in the Style of the World Universities Debating
Championships. Idebate Press, NY. 2009
•Rybold, G. Speaking, Listening and Understanding:
Debate for Non-Native English Speakers. Idebate
Press, NY. 2006