excerpt from
Real Leadership
Helping People and Organizations Face Their Toughest
Challenges
by Dean Williams
published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers
ix
Introduction
This is a book for those who are serious about improving the human
condition. It is about real leadership—the kind of leadership that
helps organizations, communities, and nations face their toughest challenges
and have their best shot at success.
Real leadership is lacking in the world today. Much of what passes
for leadership, I suggest, is actually counterfeit leadership, even though it
might have the appearance of being effective leadership because people
are following the leader or buying into his or her agenda. This book defines
real leadership and explains why it is desperately needed, and it
provides a well-developed model for how to exercise real and responsible
leadership for some of the most demanding challenges organizations,
communities, and nations face.
Fundamentally, real leadership gets people to confront reality and
change values, habits, practices, and priorities in order to deal with the
real threat or the real opportunity the people face. It facilitates improvements
in the human condition. Counterfeit leadership, on the other
hand, provides false solutions and allows the group to bypass reality.
Certainly, exercising leadership successfully in a complex world is a
formidable task. Few people do it well. Their knowledge of how to act
in complex, problematic situations is often incomplete and inadequate.
They make mistakes, do foolish things, and, at times, misjudge the dynamics
of the situation before them, and thereby perpetuate the very
problems that they wish they could resolve.
Part of the problem is that many of the popular notions of leadership
are inadequate for the challenges we face today. They do not address the
complexity and diversity of the problems, threats, and opportunities that
groups and institutions must confront if they are to progress. They focus
primarily on leading in unsophisticated environments and unduly emphasize
the role of the leader in “having convictions,” “articulating a vision,”
“showing the way,” and generating “loyal followers.”
Real leadership is not about having strong convictions and imposing
them on the group. Nor is it about amassing followers and showing the
way forward. Even when the exercise of leadership grows from sincere
moral or ethical considerations, that leadership may be wholly irresponsible
if its effect is to damage the long-term viability and well-being of
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the group or larger system. One can be “right” in regard to the problem
and what a group should do but be terribly “wrong” and ineffective in
the exercise of leadership. The world is rife with examples of so-called
moral leaders acting irresponsibly and of committed, intelligent men and
women whose stubborn pursuit of a particular strategy weakens the
group or enterprise to which they should be responsible.
Rather than teach people how to be visionaries or motivators, this
book addresses the demanding task of mobilizing people to confront their
predicament and solve their most pressing problems. The focus is not on
getting people to follow but on getting people to face reality and think
and act responsibly, thereby enabling their organizations and communities
to address their toughest challenges and make meaningful progress.
The subject of real leadership is critical for corporate managers,
school superintendents, nonprofit directors, senior government officials,
and politicians. Anyone concerned about leadership must distinguish
more carefully between those acts of power that create value and prosperity
and those that destroy value and thwart prosperity. How people
conceive of the use of power has serious repercussions. If people with
power do not learn how leadership can advance the well-being of the
collective, corporations will continue to be plagued by productivity
problems, schools will always be leaving children behind, and the nations
of the world will lose much of their accumulated gains in unnecessary
wars, chicanery, and blunders.
If those seeking power and authority can learn the strategies and
practices of real leadership and operate with greater insight and selfawareness,
then they can enhance their chances of success. If leaders can
diagnose their challenges with greater clarity, design and execute smarter
interventions, and improve their ability to reflect and learn while they
are in the midst of action, then they will have a greater hope of generating
and sustaining progress.
This book provides a framework for how to exercise real leadership
in different contexts. It will help the leader
• analyze the specific nature of the most critical challenge the
group or organization faces at a given time (this is the principal
challenge that must be attended to if the group is to advance);
• understand the kind of leadership strategies needed to address
that challenge;
• recognize how real leadership, as an interactive art, can be manifest
in different ways to assist people to face the reality of their
predicament, attend to their problems, and be given their best
shot at success; and
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• appreciate the ways in which power, when used irresponsibly,
can wreak havoc on all it touches—therefore the need to be
responsible with one’s power and exercise real leadership.
We need people who can provide real
leadership in multiple and diverse contexts
When I ask my students who they think were responsible leaders
worth emulating—leaders who did something positive—invariably the
responses include the names of Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Winston
Churchill. I point out that even these people, as great as they were,
failed basic principles of real leadership in some contexts in which they
attempted to exercise their power. For example, Churchill provided brilliant
leadership in mobilizing his country in the face of a formidable
threat posed by Hitler’s Germany.1 However, at the end of the war, when
he proceeded to do what he had always done, he was not reelected because
so few people had confidence in him to provide the economic and
developmental leadership needed to rebuild Britain. Earlier in his career,
he also had failed miserably as First Lord of the Admiralty during World
War I, when he sent thousands of Australian and Allied troops to their
deaths at Gallipoli.2 For that fiasco, he was fired from the cabinet. While
Churchill provides a decidedly mixed model of leadership, his life highlights
the incredible difficulty of exercising consistently successful leadership
across the sectors and eras of a life.
Sometimes a tough and demanding authority figure finds himself in
a set of circumstances where his style brings great leadership acclaim. Indeed,
this happened with New York mayor Rudolf Giuliani. As mayor,
he was often under attack for his insensitive and domineering approach,
irrespective of the fact that it was, at times, very effective. His personal
life was the subject of daily ridicule in the newspapers and on talk radio.
Nevertheless, following the events of September 11, 2001, Giuliani came
to symbolize the aspirations and resolve of New Yorkers and many
Americans more generally to move forward with courage. This crisis
produced a very different context in which Giuliani’s characteristics and
strategies of operating suddenly provided what New Yorkers needed for
them to deal with and manage the aftermath of that horrific event.
Unfortunately, too many powerful people have recognized too late
that the mode of operating that led to past success was inadequate for
the demands of a new and different context. The person who, based
on his or her natural tendencies and inclinations, keeps using the same
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approach to leadership has a diminished chance of success and will eventually
fail. For example, the war hero who becomes president or the social
activist who attains formal authority as an elected official rarely
performs as well in the new context, because the person cannot see how
his or her natural tendencies and inclinations are actually dysfunctional
in the different context. They think that leadership is a set of traits or
characteristics that are applicable in any setting. I disagree. Different
contexts call for different leadership strategies if the people are to productively
address the problems they face and open up pathways to
progress.
More than ever, we need men and women who can succeed in multiple
contexts. Nowhere is this more true than in the field of education.
Even straightforward tasks such as teaching children the basic skills of
reading, writing, and arithmetic require a broad array of leadership
strategies to get the complete system functioning in the service of children.
There are more than fourteen thousand school superintendents in
the United States, all struggling to address the complex educational challenges
of their respective communities. In large urban districts where social
and economic problems exacerbate the demands of reform, the
average tenure of a superintendent is less than three years. For many of
these men and women, the problems are so overwhelming and the politics
so vicious that they find it almost impossible to make lasting
progress. Given the demands of the job, many school boards throughout
the country look for candidates outside the field of education so that
they can get a different kind of individual to lead their districts. In recent
years, a number of businessmen and military generals have been appointed
with the hope that they have this “leadership thing” figured out
and can fix the system. These individuals, like their predecessors, struggle
bravely to get something meaningful accomplished and generally do
no better.
And this point is true for business as well. According to a recent report
of CEO turnover at the world’s 2,500 largest publicly traded corporations,
most companies are setting higher standards of performance for
chief executive officers than ever before, and CEOs are falling short in
record numbers.3 The report notes, “This phenomenon is now fully
global, even in regions not burdened by governance scandals. CEOs are
being replaced at a faster rate in Europe than the United States, and
CEO turnover has skyrocketed in Asia, where chief executives of major
corporations had been relatively protected from market forces.”4
Rakesh Khurana of Harvard Business School has documented how
and why boards of directors have become enamored with charismatic,
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superstar CEOs who they hope will be a corporate savior and guide the
company to the market equivalent of the “promised land.”5 Most do a
mediocre job, and many fall short. The excessive reliance on their
charisma and visionary outlook that may have worked in a past setting
is often insufficient to produce real and sustainable progress. Khurana
points out that many of these CEOs have an inadequate appreciation of
the role of context in determining what the best approach to leadership
should be.
Leadership must be approached
as an interactive art
To increase the chances of success, real leadership must be approached
as an interactive art. It is an art in that it requires creativity
and imagination, rather than a singular set of well-honed practices; and
it is interactive in that one must be willing to “dance” with the reality of
the context so that the best solutions can emerge. It cannot be treated as
a hard science with prescriptive approaches such as “Do X and you will
produce Y.” On the contrary, as an art, real leadership requires the capacity
to improvise, be imaginative, and make ongoing corrections according
to the specific challenge the people face, the discoveries of the
group as they tackle the challenge, and the shifting dynamics of the context.
Therefore, strong diagnostic skills and considerable flexibility in
one’s intervention style are essential if one is to lead effectively in multiple
contexts on multiple challenges.
Of course, I am not the first to make this observation on the situational
demands of leadership. The social psychologist Victor Vroom has
written extensively on the subject.6 But what is missing from these writings,
by Vroom and others, is a way to categorize the specific nature of
the challenge the people face and explain what real leadership should
look like in different settings. In this book, I present a model to assist in
the diagnosis of the context to ascertain the group’s principal challenge. I
also put forward a set of leadership principles and intervention strategies
to get the people to do the requisite problem-solving work to address
that challenge.
For nearly two decades, I have been involved in the teaching and
study of leadership and authority around the world, working with men
and women in business, government, schools, and community organizations.
In recent years, as research for this book, I have interviewed more
than a dozen current or former presidents and prime ministers of nations
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to gain insight into the leadership challenges they have faced. I have interacted
with many educational administrators at the local, state, and
national levels to explore the demands of educational reform. I have
been an adviser to many executives in corporations, community groups,
and governments, as they have undertaken reform initiatives to revitalize
their institutions.
I have also had a unique chance to examine power, authority, and
social change at the most primal and traditional level—with the nomadic
Penan people in the rain forest of Borneo. I have observed the Penan
tribe deal with the huge adaptive challenge of cultural survival caused by
the creeping forces of modernization and an eroding habitat due to the
shady practices of logging companies and the misguided strategies of
politicians.
Perhaps my most valuable resource in the study of leadership has
been my students at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
They have challenged my thinking and given me an amazing
array of personal case studies that have helped me explore and develop
the notion of real leadership in different contexts.
Of particular importance in my understanding of leadership has
been my relationship with Ronald Heifetz and Riley Sinder. Heifetz was
my professor and mentor at Harvard in the mid- to late 1980s when I
was a doctoral student. Today I am honored to be his colleague at the
Kennedy School, and together we teach and consult on leadership. Sinder
is also a valued colleague, and, over the past few years, we have
spent many an hour in rich and imaginative discussion about the challenges
of leading in diverse settings. His contribution and support have
enriched my knowledge and helped, in no small way, to shape the ideas
in this book.
Heifetz and Sinder distinguished (1) leadership from authority and
(2) technical challenges from adaptive challenges.7 This book is primarily
about exercising leadership with authority, although at various
points I discuss the demands of leading when one has little or no authority.
But I am mostly referring to people in authority positions who have a
special opportunity to exercise real leadership—an opportunity that is
often neglected or squandered. The book is about helping leaders sense
what those opportunities might be.
The opportunities of real leadership are primarily in addressing demanding
adaptive challenges. A technical challenge requires the straightforward
application of expertise to solve the problem, whereas an
adaptive challenge is more complex in that it necessitates changing people’s
values, habits, practices, and priorities. Leadership for an adaptive
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challenge requires orchestrating a process of getting the various factions
and entities who own a piece of the problem to do adaptive work. In the
following chapters, I present my discoveries about real leadership and
adaptive work. I give examples of people who tried to lead and failed,
while illustrating where they went wrong. I also write about individuals
who were able to treat leadership as an interactive art and understood
the notion of doing adaptive work, and thereby succeeded in helping
people face their most crucial challenges and advance.
In Part I, I describe the concept of real leadership—its features and
characteristics—and distinguish it from counterfeit leadership. Counterfeit
leadership is a set of actions and strategies used by an authority figure
that thwarts progress, whereas real leadership is a set of actions and
strategies that facilitates progress. The first step in exercising real leadership
is to diagnose correctly the principal challenge the group really
faces—be it an organization, a school system, a community, or a nation.
I describe six distinct adaptive challenges that can befall a group and
threaten the health and survival of the system. Each challenge requires a
specific leadership approach.
Part II addresses the six domains of adaptive challenge and provides
an intervention framework for how to lead effectively and responsibly
in these different but extremely critical problem contexts. The six domains
are: an activist challenge, a development challenge, a transition
challenge, a maintenance challenge, a creative challenge, and a crisis
challenge. Each chapter in Part II presents cases and examples that illustrate
leadership successes and leadership failures for these six respective
challenges. I also provide practical tools and specific strategies for helping
committed men and woman use their power to exercise real leadership
and get the people to address the principal challenge and varied
tasks needed to produce genuine and sustainable progress for their enterprise
or community.
In Part III, I look at real leadership in the context of multiple challenges.
Using the case of Lawrence of Arabia, I address the question,
How does one transition between challenges, modify one’s role and provide
context-appropriate leadership—and succeed? Leadership for multiple
challenges requires enormous flexibility, creativity, and sensitivity.
In this section I also consider the personal work of being a real leader
and discuss what it means to take responsibility for oneself as an instrument
of power. All leaders have personal preferences, idiosyncrasies, and
natural predilections. Such stylistic predispositions can either help or
hinder the adaptive work of progress. Learning how to discover the effect
one’s interventions have on others in their problem-solving endeavors
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and make adjustments according to situational needs, is essential if one
is to successfully lead in diverse contexts.
We desperately need women and men who can provide real leadership
for the full array of problematic challenges we face in this complex
and interdependent world. “What is real leadership, and how does one
employ power to exercise it?” are crucial and central questions for the
operation of business, government, and the full array of our civic and social
institutions. I believe that real leadership can make the difference between
success and failure in all aspects of human activity—between
developed states and failed states; between great schools and poor
schools; between mediocre companies and extraordinary companies;
even between war and peace. And that is why the study of real leadership—the
kind of leadership that gets people to face reality, be responsible
for their predicament, and deal with their toughest challenges—is of
paramount concern.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the many people who helped me with this book.
They include Rosie Lim Williams for her tireless support, endless encouragement,
and brilliant input; Riley Sinder for his generosity of time
and intellect in helping me in this project; Tom Champion for his talented
editorial assistance; Ronald Heifetz for his ongoing encouragement,
recommendations, and friendship; Barbara Kellerman for reading
the manuscript in its earliest version and giving me some very useful and
practical advice; and Hugh O’Doherty for his suggestions and friendship.
I also want to thank those people who read either part or all of the
manuscript and gave me helpful editorial feedback or suggestions on the
content: Paul Porteous, Werner Erhard, Margaret Richardson, Sharon
Daloz Parks, Marshall Carter, David Chamberlain, Bruce Gilles, Chris
Lee, Karen Manz, Todd Manza, and Warren Fernandez. And thanks to
my assistant Samir Randolph. At Berrett-Koehler, Steve Piersanti, Jeevan
Subramaniam, and the entire team have been just tremendous. I am especially
appreciative to my family, Marie Lin, Kristal Li, and Shona Mei
for their wisdom and lessons on life. And thanks to Mum, Dad, Jon,
Calvin, and Jedda.
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This chapter excerpted from
Real Leadership
Helping People and Organizations Face Their Toughest
Challenges
by Dean Williams
published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers
Copyright © 2005, All Rights Reserved.
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