TVORBA DATOVÝCH OBJEKTŮ A
MANIPULACE S NIMI
Vít Gabrhel
vit.gabrhel@mail.muni.cz
FSS MU,
25. 9. 2017
Harmonogram
0. Rekapitulace předchozí hodiny
1. Vector
2. Matrix
3. Factor
4. Data Frame
Co je to objekt?
Vector
Vector je jednoduchý datový objekt o různé délce obsahující
hodnoty
c("Reservoir Dogs", "Pulp Fiction", "Inglorious Basterds")
c(421, 469, 51)
c(421, "Reservoir Dogs", "death", FALSE, 10)
Počet cursing words dle filmů
Words_Movie = c(421, 469, 57, 51)
Co je co aneb pojmenování vektorů
names(Words_Movie) = c("Reservoir
Dogs", "Pulp Fiction", "Kill Bill 1",
"Inglorious Basterds")
Vektorová aritmetika
Sčítání vektorů
Hell = c(12, 5, 3, 4)
Goddamn = c(10, 28, 7, 8)
Spirituality = Hell + Goddamn
Součet hodnot ve vektoru
Words_N <- sum(Spirituality)
Výběr hodnot(y) z vektoru
Words_Movie[c(1, 4)]
Words_Movie[c("Reservoir Dogs",
"Inglorious Basterds")]
Vector
Logické operátory
< for less than
> for greater than
<= for less than or equal to
>= for greater than or equal to
== for equal to each other
!= not equal to each other​
Zaznívalo ve filmech více slovo "Hell" nebo
"Goddamn"?
Hell < Goddamn
Porovnání hodnot(y) mezi vektory
names(Hell) = c("Reservoir Dogs", "Pulp Fiction", "Kill Bill 1", "Inglorious Basterds")
names(Goddamn) = c("Reservoir Dogs", "Pulp Fiction", "Kill Bill 1", "Inglorious Basterds")
Hell[c(1, 4)] > Goddamn[c(1, 4)]
Hell[c("Reservoir Dogs", "Inglorious Basterds")] != Goddamn[c("Reservoir Dogs", "Inglorious
Basterds")]
names(Spirituality) = c("Reservoir Dogs", "Pulp Fiction", "Kill Bill 1", "Inglorious Basterds")
PulpFiction_Celkem <- Spirituality[c(2)] > 50
Ve kterých filmech padlo více cursing words,
než byl jejich průměrný počet za osm filmů?
Words_Movie > 213
Factor
Filmy = c("Kill Bill 1", "Reservoir Dogs", "Inglorious Basterds", "Pulp Fiction")
class(Filmy)
Nominální kategorie
Factor_Filmy = as.factor(Filmy)
class(Factor_Filmy)
levels(Factor_Filmy) <- c("Reservoir Dogs", "Pulp Fiction", "Kill Bill 1", "Inglorious Basterds")
Ordinalizace
Factor_Filmy <- factor(Filmy, order = TRUE, levels = c("Reservoir Dogs", "Pulp Fiction", "Kill Bill
1", "Inglorious Basterds"))
Matrix
In R, a matrix is
a collection of elements of the same data type (numeric, character, or logical)
arranged into a fixed number of rows and columns.
Since you are only working with rows and columns, a matrix is called two-
dimensional.
You can construct a matrix in R with the matrix() function. Consider the following
example:
matrix(1:9, byrow = TRUE, nrow = 3)
The first argument is the collection of elements that R will arrange into the rows and
columns of the matrix. Here, we use 1:9 which is a shortcut for c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
The argument byrow indicates that the matrix is filled by the rows. If we want the
matrix to be filled by the columns, we just place byrow = FALSE.
The third argument nrow indicates that the matrix should have three rows.
Analogicky "ncol"
Matrix
O cursing words v Tarantinových filmech už něco víme. Co ale počet mrtvých?
Budeme se věnovat Pulp Fiction, Inglorious Basterds a Django Unchained spolu s
počtem zesnulých postav. Přidáme k tomu známý počet cursing words v příslušných
filmech:
Pulp_Fiction = c(7, 469)
Inglorious_Basterds = c(48, 58)
Django_Unchained = c(47, 262)
Filmy <- matrix(c(Pulp_Fiction, Inglorious_Basterds, Django_Unchained), nrow = 3,
byrow = TRUE)
View(Filmy)
Pojmenování řádků/sloupců
rownames(Filmy) <- c("Pulp_Fiction", "Inglorious_Basterds", "Django_Unchained")
colnames(Filmy) <- c("Deaths", "Words")
View(Filmy)
Matrix
Death_Curse = c(7, 48, 47, 469, 58, 262)
Death_Curse_Matrix = matrix(Death_Curse, nrow = 3, byrow = FALSE,
dimnames = list(c("Pulp_Fiction", "Inglorious_Basterds", "Django_Unchained")))
colnames(Death_Curse_Matrix) <- c("Deaths", "Curses")
colSums(Death_Curse_Matrix)
Jak do matice přidat sloupec / řádek?
Skrze příkaz cbind() / rbind()
Filmy si rozdělíme z hlediska období tvorby (90s, 00s a 10s) s kódy "0", "1" a "2":
Period = c(0, 1, 2)
Period_Matrix = matrix(Period)
rownames(Period_Matrix) = c("90s", "00s", "10s")
colnames(Period_Matrix) <- c("Period")
Death_Curse_Period = cbind(Death_Curse_Matrix, Period_Matrix)
Death_Curse_Period
Matrix
Jak příkazem zjistit aktivní objekty?
ls()
Jak vybrat konkrétní prvky z matice?
Similar to vectors, you can use the square brackets [ ] to select one or multiple elements
from a matrix.
Whereas vectors have one dimension, matrices have two dimensions. You should
therefore use a comma to separate that what to select from the rows from that what
you want to select from the columns. For example:
Death_Curse_Period[1,2] selects the element at the first row and second column.
Death_Curse_Period[1:3,2:3] results in a matrix with the data on the rows 1, 2, 3
and columns 2 and 3.
If you want to select all elements of a row or a column, no number is needed before
or after the comma, respectively:
Death_Curse_Period[,1] selects all elements of the first column.
Death_Curse_Period[1,] selects all elements of the first row.
Matrix
Jaký byl průměrný počet mrtvých ve sledovaných filmech?
Mean_Dead = Death_Curse_Period[,1]
mean(Mean_Dead)
Jaký je Tarantino index (tj. počet mrtvých na počet nadávek) pro Inglorious Basterds?
Dead_Curse = data.frame(Death_Curse_Period[2,1:2])
Dead_Curse[2,1]/Dead_Curse[1,1]
Data Frame
Data Frame je matice tak, jak ji chápeme při analýze dat
A data frame has the variables of a data set as columns and the
observations as rows
V čem se v R "Data Frame" liší od "Matrix"?
All the elements that you put in a matrix should be of the same
type
Data Frame
Vyvolání Data Frame z R
data()
data(USArrests)
View(USArrests)
??USArrests
Jak se zorientovat v Data Frame?
head() - show the first observations of a data frame
tail() - prints out the last observations in your data set
str() - struktura dat
Data Frame
Tvorba vlastní Data Frame
data.frame()
# Planety - definování vektorů
name <- c("Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus",
"Neptune")
type <- c("Terrestrial planet", "Terrestrial planet", "Terrestrial planet","Terrestrial
planet", "Gas giant", "Gas giant", "Gas giant", "Gas giant")
diameter <- c(0.382, 0.949, 1, 0.532, 11.209, 9.449, 4.007, 3.883)
rotation <- c(58.64, -243.02, 1, 1.03, 0.41, 0.43, -0.72, 0.67)
rings <- c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE)
# Planety
Planets = data.frame(name, type, diameter, rotation, rings)
# Struktura dat
str(Planets)
head(Planets)
tail(Planets)
Data Frame
Výběr prvků
Planets[1:3,1]
Planets[1:3,"name"]
Planets$name
Planets[rings, "name"]
Subsoubory
subset(Planets, subset = rings)
subset(Planets, subset = (diameter < 4))
Seřazování
order(Planets$diameter)
Planets[order("diameter")]
Zdroje
Cornelissen, J. (n.d.) Introduction to R. Dostupné online na:
https://www.datacamp.com/courses/free-introduction-to-r
Cvičení
Zadání