Energy Resources: Past, Present, and Future Windmill & Oil Well, Photo, Photos, Photographs, Pictures, Picture Stock Photo: Traffic Jam http://free-stock-photos.com/science/pics/solar-panel-2.jpg Energy is the ability to do work 1st Law of Thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: energy goes from a high quality to a lower quality during each energy transformation; while energy is conserved, it’s ability to do work decreases Forms of energy: potential, kinetic, thermal, chemical, electrical, etc. Energy is key to Sustaining system structure and complexity Natural and human systems build and maintain order and organization by taking in high quality energy, using it, and passing degraded energy outside of the system boundary. Our society is dependent on the energy flows that support it AND having a sink for the waste. System (human or natural) High quality Energy Input Low quality Energy output (waste heat) http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/ecycle.gif Simplified Ecosystem http://coalcity.lib.il.us/coalmining/pages/mining/images/S_Image08.jpg Renewable versus nonrenewable resources Renewable energy resources – are continuously replenished at a rate useful for human consumption Nonrenewable energy resources – are limited in supply or are replenished at a rate that is negligible compared to rate of human consumption. C:\bfath\courses\biol105\peak oil\TPHV01P14_19.jpg Conventional Energy Sources 1. Fossil fuels---coal, petroleum, natural gas---have stored solar energy, that we draw on today for the activities of the modern life. Alternative Energy Sources 2. Nuclear power began in US in 1957 in Shippingport, PA. Use varies greatly from country to country 3. Renewable energy---hydroelectric power; biomass such as wood, waste, and biofuels; geothermal; solar; and wind---is replenishable Image result for energy consumption by source czech republic Energy Consumption by Primary Energy Source Energy Consumption by Primary Energy Source Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2006 Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2006 Energy end uses: Heat Transport Electricity Energy Sectors: Residential/Commercial Industrial Transportation Historical Energy Use Earlier civilizations used renewable energy sources exclusively Biomass for heat and cooking Historical Energy Use Earlier civilizations used renewable energy sources exclusively Wind for windmills (pumping) and sailing Historical Energy Use Earlier civilizations used renewable energy sources exclusively Water for watermills (milling) Historical Energy Use Earlier civilizations used renewable energy sources exclusively Animal and human energy for labor Historical Energy Use Earlier civilizations used renewable energy sources exclusively Biomass for heat and cooking Wind for windmills (pumping) and sailing Water for watermills (milling) Solar for thermal regulation Animal and human energy for labor These sources are renewable with little long term impact on the environment, but have a generally low energy density. Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given space per unit volume Transition to fossil fuels Coal – used as early as 13th century, extensive use by mid-19th century Oil – used mid-late 19th century Natural Gas – used late 19th century, big boom after WWII F:\MEDIA\1793\179349.JPG http://ideonexus.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/coalformation.jpg Fossil Fuels are derived from partially decomposed organic materials transformed in Earth’s crust by pressure, heat and bacterial processes. It takes millions of years for these organisms to chemically change into fossil fuels. http://www.minepermits.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/06BC5AA8-EF18-4762-8585-C517CD57E71B/0/Ed_coal_formation .jpg Coal formation Image result for world coal reserves Coal Consumption by Sector Coal Consumption by Sector Magnets plus copper wire plus motion equals electricity Electricity Generation whether from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewable fuels, or other sources - is usually* based on the fact that: "When copper wire is moving through a magnetic field, an electric current is generated in that wire." www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/electgen.html * exceptions are electrochemistry (batteries) and photovoltaic effect Motor: shaft spins around, electricity is produced. In the picture, the shaft and armature (with copper wire) spin around. The magnets are on the outside (they don't move). Electricity, at the "+" and "-" terminals, is shown in the picture as a lighting bolt. The wire is in the presence of the magnetic field, but is NOT touching the magnet So where do all the different energy sources come in? It's all a question of how to get (and keep) the system moving (i.e. how to keep the copper wire spinning around). In a steam power plant, fuels (such as petroleum, coal, or biomass) are burned to heat water which turns into steam, which goes through a turbine, which spins...turning the copper wire (armature) inside the generator and generating an electric current. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/electgendiagram.gif Electric generators are essentially very large quantities of copper wire spinning around inside very large magnets at very high speeds. A commercial utility electric generator -- for example, a 180-megawatt generator is 20 ft in diameter, 50 ft long, and weighs >50 tons. The copper coils (called the "armature") spin at 3600 rpm. Although the principle is simple (copper wire and magnets), it's not necessarily easy! In a nuclear power plant, nuclear reactions create heat to heat water, which turns into steam, which goes through a turbine, which spins...turning the copper armature inside the generator and generating an electric current. In a wind turbine, the wind pushes against the turbine blades, causing the rotor to spin...turning the copper armature inside the generator and generating an electric current. In a hydroelectric turbine, flowing (or falling) water pushes against the turbine blades, causing the rotor to spin...turning the copper armature inside the generator and generating an electric current. The different energy sources just provide energy to do the same basic thing...turning the copper armature inside the generator and generating an electric current. Hamsters Humans Generator produces electricity: wind spins armature, produces electricity. Motor uses electricity: electricity spins armature, spins fan. A "generator" and "motor" are essentially the same thing: what you call it depends on whether electricity is going into the unit or coming out of it. A generator produces electricity. In a generator, something causes the shaft and armature to spin. Lots of things can be used to make a shaft spin. It doesn't matter what's used to spin the shaft - the electricity that's produced is the same. A motor uses electricity. The electric current causes the armature and shaft to spin. Image result for electricity production from natural gas Original Col. Drake Well, August 27, 1859 Titusville, Pa http://www.thelampworks.com/images/oil1.jpg Petroleum Consumption1 by Sector Petroleum Consumption by Sector http://www.environmental-action.org/images/map01_1024.jpg F:\MEDIA\1793\179351.JPG World oil flow U.S. uses 19 Million barrels of petroleum per DAY. Most for transportation. The Age of Oil began in 1900 and will last at most two hundred years. M.K. Hubbert’s view of the oil age over the long-term Natural gas is currently seen as a transition or “bridge” fuel: from coal to renewables Pros: Lower carbon emissions than coal Prices are low (now) Supply is high (now) Cons: Methane emissions are more potent GHG than CO2 Non-renewable resource http://pdphoto.org/jons/pictures3/getty_5_bg_081003.jpg River polluted by acid mine drainage. Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use [NOAA OR&R Photo] http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/images/facts/19.jpg Oil spills Photochemical smog Acid mine drainage http://www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics/2001syr/small/05.16.jpg Photo by Eric Loring Climate Change Environmental impacts of fossil fuel use Recovery – land disruption, loss of habitat, surface water pollution, air pollutants, land subsidence Off-shore oil drilling –oil seepages, aesthetic degradation Refining – spills leaks, soil and groundwater pollution Delivery – Spills Use CO2 – emission, air pollution (smog), acid rain BOTH SUPPLY AND USE ISSUES WITH FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES Renewable Energy Hydroelectric Biomass Wind Geothermal Solar Tidal Image result for energy consumption by source czech republic F:\MEDIA\1793\179354.JPG Most renewables start with solar energy Have specific end uses Have lower energy density Lower environmental impact Renewable Energy Consumption by Sector http://geology.com/articles/renewable-energy-trends/renewable-energy-consumption-by-sector.gif Hydroelectric power (250BKw ~10% total in U.S.) By Tomia - Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3302749 > http://johnrsweet.com/Personal/Wind/Art/mountaineer1.jpg http://www.afm.dtu.dk/wind/turbines/img0003.jpg http://www.afm.dtu.dk/wind/turbines/img0013.jpg http://johnrsweet.com/Personal/Wind/Art/title41.jpg http://johnrsweet.com/Personal/Wind/Art/somerset-022X.jpg Wind Energy ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ United States Germany People's Republic of China Spain India Italy France United Kingdom Portugal Denmark Canada Netherlands Japan Australia Sweden Republic of Ireland Greece Austria Turkey Poland http://www.sunwindenergy.com/sites/default/files/field/image/wind_wwea-report.jpg http://blog.thomsonreuters.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/wind-energy.jpg Solar Energy Passive solar uses building designs (i.e., walls, windows, floors, roofs, materials, and landscaping) to manage energy budget. Daylighting optimizes the use of natural light. http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/components/lighting/daylighting/images/daylighting.jpg http://www.netspeed.com.au/abeccs/newington/Newington%20Images/passive%20design%20.jpg Daylighting can also reduce the need for air-conditioning in rooms heated by light bulbs http://www.nesea.org/images/overhang.gif Passive solar design uses overhangs or vegetation F:\MEDIA\1794\179432.JPG Active solar uses mechanical equipment for heating, collecting, and electricity generation. Photovoltaics Collectors F:\MEDIA\1793\179355.JPG http://shops.xlpub.com/shop-dispaq.com/catalog/images/AP44small.png Solar hot water, NOT PV http://www.jc-solarhomes.com/image/thumbs/howto.1.gif Solar/Solaire - hot water for homes / l’eau chaude dans les maisons Providing hot water for homes Photovoltaic cell or solar cell Solar panels on the rooftops of Barton and Douglass Houses. Photo of rooftop PV modules on a village health center in West Bengal. West Bengal, India. Rooftop PV modules on a village health center provide power for refrigerators containing medicines and vaccines, for lights, and for other important needs. U.S.DOE Remote applications of PV where electric grid does not exist Photo of Sojourner exploring Mars. In 1997 "Sojourner" explored Mars using high-efficiency photovoltaic (PV) cells which generated 16 watts of power. Biomass Electricity/heat Wood/wood chips Waste Transport Ethanol corn cellulose Biodiesel http://www.michigan.gov/images/bioenergy_cycle_89616_7.jpg Complications of ethanol Fossil inputs to agriculture Fertilizer and pesticide inputs Low energy return on energy invested Drives up price for food http://www.oldorchardcinemapub.com/uploads/images/ethanol.gif 2014 cost per kilowatt by energy source Energy use in daily life (Ecological Footprint – measuring your impact) •Household consumption •Transportation •Diet Household consumption most energy use is from the BIG/LONG-TERM appliances (one time opportunity): Furnace Air Conditioning Refrigerator Hot water heater Lighting – use CFLs Electronics http://img.products.howstuffworks.com/cctool/PrdImg/images/pr/177X150/00/02/1c/72/cd/35418829.JPG http://i.treehugger.com/files/th_images/high%20eficiency%20gas%20furnace.jpg http://www.relocalize.net/files/lightbulb3.jpg Transportation Increase fuel efficiency Alternative/hybrid technology Reduce number of trips Reduce distance of trips Use mass transit LAND USE PLANNING http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hybrid_cars1.jpg http://photo.net/photo/pcd0796/smart-swatch-car-38.4.jpg http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/washington-dc-city-guide-ga-11.jpg Diet Locally grown food Less processed food Organic food (less fossil energy inputs) Eat lower on the food chain (less meat) Less food waste http://www.morris.umn.edu/webbin/RSS/images/1649.jpg http://www.caledoncountryside.org/images/EatLocalLogoBW-001.jpg TABLE 1. Global installed capacity in 2003 (MW) Energy Future Transition to Renewables (cleaner and sustainable) Increased Efficiency and Conservation in all sectors Reduce need for transportation through wise development decisions Food, energy, water nexus * It takes energy and water to grow food * It takes water to produce energy * It takes energy to move and clean water * It takes food for the people provide food, water, and energy watershed Watershed is all area that drains to a common point > * Trade can in(de)crease environmental impact of food production depending on trading partners * * Physical food trade vs. virtual (embodied) resource trade Food production and trade (YSSP Project by Nemi Vora, Univ. of Pittsburgh) 70 Food trade ensures food security, and gives us food diversity. SO, to account for these embodied impact, we talk about virtual trade. So, when you are importing food, you are also importing impacts associated with it. 71 Building layered trade networks A B C A 0 10 0 B 0 0 5 C 10 5 0 Example food trade matrix, flow in mass units from row to column Food flows Irrigation water Irrigation embodied energy Irrigation embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Water A B C A 0 8 0 B 0 0 4 C 7 4 0 Energy A B C A 0 8 0 B 0 0 2 C 2 2 0 GHG Emissions A B C A 0 15 0 B 0 0 3 C 14 7 0 Example data formulated as matrix, trade from row to column, directed graphs, layers Cereal grains in USA: 95% of production is corn, Wheat sorghum, barley and oats, For oats, larger production. 72 Actual trade vs. maximal indeterminacy A.) Actual trade B.) Maximal Indeterminacy (zero dependency) - flow structure evenly redistributed given network flow constraints. Each visualization represents only flows that are at least 1% of the maximum link weight A.) B.) Accounting for total transfers (a.k.a system structure) (Evenly re-distributed does not mean all states are trading equal volume, still account for total flow) But weighted by flow of total product to both nodes Maximal indeterminancy Importance of within-state flows reduced local consumption redistributed and reduced Trade dependencies for Texas * Texas largest out-of-state importer • * * * * * Origin States Food imports to Texas in (US tons) Rank by trade flow PMI Rank by PMI Texas 2.9E+07 1 3.74 1 Kansas 2.8E+07 2 2.24 2 Oklahoma 2.3E+06 3 1.39 4 Nebraska 1.4E+06 4 -2.34 12 Louisiana 9.9E+05 5 0.60 6 Missouri 5.7E+05 6 -1.63 7 Minnesota 4.4E+05 7 -3.79 22 Illinois 2.9E+05 8 -4.53 28 North Dakota 2.4E+05 9 -3.51 21 New Mexico 1.9E+05 10 1.45 3 California 1.6E+05 11 -2.68 15 Georgia 1.5E+05 12 -1.83 8 Arkansas 1.4E+05 13 -2.86 16 Understanding Texas’s import dependencies Lower PMI rank: Potential to increase trade Flow ranks do not necessarily match with PMI ranks. Another way of looking at PMI values is you are looking at direct trade transactions, you are not considering total flows/ potential of the trading partners in receiving and sending. Flow ranks do not necessarily match with PMI ranks. Trade dependencies for Texas * Texas largest out-of-state importer • * * * * * Origin States Food imports to Texas in (US tons) Rank by trade flow PMI Rank by PMI Texas 2.9E+07 1 3.74 1 Kansas 2.8E+07 2 2.24 2 Oklahoma 2.3E+06 3 1.39 4 Nebraska 1.4E+06 4 -2.34 12 Louisiana 9.9E+05 5 0.60 6 Missouri 5.7E+05 6 -1.63 7 Minnesota 4.4E+05 7 -3.79 22 Illinois 2.9E+05 8 -4.53 28 North Dakota 2.4E+05 9 -3.51 21 New Mexico 1.9E+05 10 1.45 3 California 1.6E+05 11 -2.68 15 Georgia 1.5E+05 12 -1.83 8 Arkansas 1.4E+05 13 -2.86 16 Understanding Texas’s import dependencies Higher PMI rank: More dependent than expected Flow ranks do not necessarily match with PMI ranks. Another way of looking at PMI values is you are looking at direct trade transactions, you are not considering total flows/ potential of the trading partners in receiving and sending. Flow ranks do not necessarily match with PMI ranks. PMI values for virtual water imports to Texas Concistent with trade models, known as gravity models that indicate distance enables trade. 76 PMI for virtual water imports to Texas The white states indicate no imports. Size of circles represent total water withdrawals for irrigation. [1] Groundwater stress index from Gleeson, Tom, et al. "Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint." Nature (2012), GIS layer from world resource institute, Aqueduct Virtual water import vulnerability of Texas Ogallala aquifer Groundwater stress index from ref [1] GW stress: GF fotrpint per area GF footprint: C/R-E: C: area averaged annual abstraction of GW, recharge rate= artificial recharge, groundwater contribution to environmental streamflows,in length per time, Environmental flow: quantitiy of groundwater flow that needs to be allocated to surface water flow to sustain ecosystem services including vegetation, which is most important during flow conditions. A fraction of recharge allocated to environmental flow. PMI value for embodied GHG emissions Conclusions: •Energy is the basis for all actions and activities •Most of the energy we currently use is from non-renewable resources (coal, oil, natural gas) •Each energy source has a different target use •Transition to renewables will address environmental problems but will be difficult to scale to our current rate of use •Oil for transportation will be the most difficult to replace •We recognize better now the clear interdependencies between energy, food supply, and water use. 1. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION