IRE214 CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS IN THE GERMAN-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Fall 2019 Session 4: The History of German Nationalism I On the Aaenda for Toda The German Economy ■ A Global Economic Power ■ The nord Stream 2 Pipeline German Foreign policy ■ German US Relations The History of German Nationalism ■ Mid 1 9th Century Rise of German Nationalism ■ The Creation of the Second Reich ■ Unification (1862-1870) Imperial Germany (1 871 -1 91 8) GERMANY SÖRTH VAA ... ... NETKI North Frisian Islands O Lübeck Hamburg ^ Schwerin Bremen Jfk Hanover Berlin BALTIC StA POLAND Munster Han Magdeburg Düsseldorf © BELGIUM. ^Cologne '«OBonn Mountains O Kassel , Leipzig o Weimar Dresden A T «h,lne Frankfurt LUXEMBOURG . *'lley CZECH H.de,bergO ^ ™C FRANCE Tuhinoon lubingen0 BAVARIA Stuttgart £eibur6 Lui. Munich t........«.. AUSTRIA • 100 km 3 60 miles 0 Füssen SWITZERLAND V. German Nationalism ■ The Breakdown of Democracy ■ The Weimar Republic (1 91 8-33) ■ The Third Reich (1933-45) ■ Post WW2 Division of Germany ■ East/West, Politics and Economies ■ Germany and the Cold war ■ German Reunification- 1990 ■ Concluding remarks GERMANY B ALI l( St i VORTH \ I \ North Frisian Islands O Lübeck Hamburg ,^ Schwerin Bremen Hanover Ber1|n Münster n,„j«k...„ O Harz Magdeburg Mountains Düsseldorf O OKaHe| 0 Leipzig BELGIUM ^©Cologne o Weimar Dresd€n * OBonn *h1,1ne Frankfurt LUXEMBOUR Va"ey Nuremberg CZECH Nuremberg REPUBLIC o O NETH POLAND A 7 Heidelberg FRANCE T.-.h.n»«, Stuttgart Tubingen 0 BAVARIA Freiburg . , » A. ... , I 0: 0. ■ 100 km >60 miles 5reiburK La* Munich (,m,imm(r AUSTRIA -J O Füssen SWITZERLAND The German Economy Third largest economy in the world (global economic power) Behind the U.S and Japan Largest economy in Europe Remarkable achievements in post-war economic development A Global Economic Power Germany's major trading partners, 2017 in EUR bn Export Import Unrted States 111 101 China France 91 Netherlands China 86 64 France Netherlands 86 61 United States Unrted Kingdom 84 56 Italy Italy 66 51 Poland Austria 63 46 Czech Republic Poland 59 46 Switzerland Switzerland 41 Austria Belgium 44 41 Belgium Preliminary result © l Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). 2018 Main German trading goods (2017, € bn): Motor vehicles, trailers + semi-trailers 235 Machinery + equipment 1 85 Chemicals + chemical products 1 1 1 Electrical equipment 83 Basic pharmaceutical products 76 Transport equipment 58 Basic metals 54 Basic food products 54 Plastic products 46 A Global Economic Power ■ Main exporter, produces much more than it consumes Needs markets => free trade within the EU ■ 2008 economic crisis (Greece, Italy, Spain, Cyprus, Portugal)- demand for German products declined China, Korea, India- major demand for German goods In 201 7, Germany exported $1.33T and imported $1.08T, resulting in a positive trade balance of $251 B A Global Economic Power ■ Oil and gas are the lifeblood of Germany's manufacturing economy ■ Germany is Europe's biggest natural gas consumer, but it produces very little energy domestically => ■ Germany is dependent on imports for 98% of its oil and 92% of its gas supply ■ 2015 => Russia supplied the plurality of its oil and gas (40% + 35% respectively) ■ The controversial Nord Stream 2 pipeline The Nord Stream 2 Pipeline A sustainable way to ensure Germany's energy security or a proxy for Russian hybrid warfare? A pipeline currently under construction from Russia to Germany via the Baltic Sea Should become operational in 2020 Intends to provide Europe with a sustainable gas supply while providing Russia with direct access to the European gas market What's the concern? The Nord Stream 2 Pipeline ■ Concerns over security and geopolitics ■ Germany's dependence on Russian energy could make it susceptible to exploitation & more vulnerable to interference ■ Rising tensions between Russia and the West ■ US Congress and the European Parliament passed resolutions calling for ar to construction of the pipeline => Russian dependence as a threat to the common market and the EU's strategic interests ■ US plans to place sanctions on companies involved in the project (?) Iran as an alternative? German Foreign Policy ■ In general => ■ Oriented towards maintaining freedom, peace & prosperity Driven by commercial interests ■ Liberal Trade Policy (France- important European partner) ■ European level => ■ Deepening & enlarging the European Union Promote European integration Further development of partnerships with regions bordering the EU (economi development & stability) German Foreign Policy ■ International level => Further development of NATO & transatlantic cooperation Wishes to become a full-fledged partner in all areas of global policy Seeking dominance + strengthening international organizations (UN, OSCE) Keep U.S. engaged in European security «3 RiseR - S= Explaining ^ ToiiafftPeicto Contrast^J^Diffusion M ^ I Understanding 0 "' Vf t Beyond Asm ^ ^/ ■ gj — — o o Identity „ °- 1 1 J • -j= • Middle • ,J Democracy Analysis ' 1----- Grand =1 f. ' | Role ' f*V» i in e% ' t National tan „i, I Lllllld 53 Powe a-) Rising Economic Prartice Crcprniion PolitiCS German US relations The US is Germany's largest export market ■ Used to be Germany's closest ally outside of the EU (until Trump) => ■ Germany sent troops to Afghanistan in order to support the American forces 1.1 0.201 9 => An official statement that the American embassy in Germany has scaled back its spending (came in $14 million under its budget for 201 9) ■ Time of cooling diplomatic relations between the two countries German US relations Relations have become strained over a range of issues Trade policy => European exception from US' aluminum tariffs Defense spending => sharing NATO expenses Interventions in Syria Iran's nuclear deal U.S. President Trump publicly criticized Germany's failure to meet the 2% NATO spending target and threatened to slap tariffs on German cars The 'America First' mission (protectionist trade policies) => pose a threat to German companies (automobile industry) ■ Intense pride in/devotion to one's group or country ■ Usually occurs within people who share a common history/ethnic ancestry, language (even dialects), culture (food, clothes), religion ■ Self determination: The group posses a territory => Nation-state ■ Stateless nations, e.g. The Kurds Nationalism Commonalities that create a nation: Nationality- belief in a common ethnic ancestry (real/imagined) ■ Language- Different dialects or forms of one language; one dialect chosen as the "national language" ■ Culture- shared way of life (food, wear, behavior, ideals) ■ History- common past/experiences (real/imagined) ■ Religion- shared by all/most group members ■ Territory- geographical territory that "belongs" to the group; "land" The Rise of German Nationali First Reich => The Holy Roman Empire, 962-1806 The strongest political power in Europe (~ 1000-1300) The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) sparked bloody conflict along religious lines Southern German states remained Catholic ^■^^ Northern German states became Protestant The Rise of German Nationalism The Treaty of Westphalia (1 648)/peace of Westphalia ended the European religious wars The princes of the empire became absolute sovereigns in their own dominions Divided the German speaking population in Europe into many small political entities The Rise of German Nationalism German nationalism slowly materialized in the early 1 800's following the Napoleonic wars invasions (1803-1815) ■ A German desire for unification and independence CO KINGDOM OF SARDINIA NAPL'f Mediterranean Sea \j "rukfiV KINGDOM ■"■j"1' OF SICILY _©J2012 Encyclopaedia Britannica,"Inc. I I Empire of France I I States under Napoleon's control I | States allied with Napoleon I I States against Napoleon The Congress of Vienna (1815) Napoleonic was defeated in Waterloo Austria, Prussia, Russia + GB, the powers instrumental in the overthrow of Napoleon met in ■ The Congress of Vienna (1 81 5): Assembly that reorganized Europe ■ The Holy Roman Empire- dissolved German nationalists brought their demands for a unified German state to the Congress The Congress of Vienna (1815) Boundary of the German Confederation. 1815 ATLANTIC OCEAN PORTUGAL SCOTLAND hungary Bay of Biscay wurttemberg SWITZ. TIR0L FRANCE valais kod of savoy lombardy piedmont venetia bosnia serbia PARMA'' \ dalmatia /LUCCA ^MODENA transylvania" wauchia 00BRUJA ANDORRA KINGDOM OF SARDINI TUSCANY PAPAL STATES MONTENEGRO bulgaria BLACK SEA ink SPAIN KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES 118161 \ MEDITER Rj\ x AEGEAN SEA 100 200 300 ml/ ' 2Ó0 ' 400 km MOROCCO ALGIERS (France. 18301 tunis lOttoman Empire) -7 GREECE (Ind 1879) O 2015 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Inc. Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria opposed, stating that: ■ Dismantle existing governments Failed to achieve independence or to unite, 39 German speaking states formed a weak alliance => the German Confederation Forming a Confederation The German Confederation ■ A loose political association ■ Most of the rights of sovereignty remained in the hands of the member governments ■ No central executive/judiciary, just a federal Diet in Frankfurt, consider common legislation Germany after the/ 1815-1830 | Hustria, Hungary, Bmemia | Prussia | Britain, Hannover Denmark, Schleswig-Hnlstein | the Netherlands, Luxemburg | Hessen-Kassel j| Nassau | Hessen-Darmstadt | Baden H Oldenburg | Braunschweig ^ Smaller States 1 Rlexander Eanse 2GDD The German Confederation In theory, the Confederation was empowered to adopt measures strengthening the political and economic bonds of the nation But in reality, the states were unwilling to sacrifice local autonomy to establish centralized authority Localism and traditionalism Reflected the slow development of civic consciousness and economic integration of the German speaking countries Democratic Revolutions (1848 1 848 => Anti Democratic revolutions and civil rebellions broke in Europe Why? Severe economic depression stopped industrial expansion + aggravated urban unemployment At the same time, crop failures led to a major famine (from Ireland to Russian Poland) In the German states, the hungry 1 840s drove the lower classes (long suffered from the economic effects of industrial and agricultural improvements) to open rebellion Democratic Revolutions (1848 In the German states, the hunger and hardship drove the lower classes (long suffered from the economic effects of industrial & agricultural improvements) to open rebellion Liberals meet at the Frankfurt Assembly, suggested to unite the German states under the Prussian king: refused=> Failure of liberal 'bourgeois' revolution ■ Prussia creates a liberal constitution, aimed at limiting the power of the King, but he German states remained divided ■ The 'New Era' => The revival of the movement for liberal reform and national unification at the end of the 1 850s' ■ 1 859 => Austria was defeated in the war against France and Italy, the military superior authoritarian regime in Vienna showed weakness ■ Popular unrest in the empire began to increase German Unification, 1862-1870 1 866: The Seven Weeks' War between Prussia and Austria caused a revolution in Europe => altered the balance of power established 50 years before by the Congress of Vienna Prussia ruled over Austria ■ The German Confederation was dissolved German Unification, 1862-1870 1 867 => The North German Confederation was established A union of the German states north of the Main River Under Prussian hegemony Br Its constitution served as a model for flHr that of the German Empire, with which it merged (1 871) Otto Von Bismarck ■ Prime Minister of Prussia under King William (Wilhelm) I (1862-1873) ■ Known as the founder of the German Empire ■ Was determined to unite the German states under Prussian rule by force => highly instrumental in establishing the German Empire (Second Reich) by winning 3 short wars Blood and Iron No more peaceful/diplomatic attempts to achieve German unity: "Blood and Iron ■ Blood => war (strong army) ■ Iron => invest in industry (to create weapons) Bismarck was a master of Realpolitik, and was willing to do whatever was necessary to accomplish his goals THROUGH MAJORITY DECISIONS L THE GREAT 'ESTIONS ! DECIDED IRON and BLOOD Realpolitik- Realistic politics, based on the needs of the state and not on idealism Blood and Iron Bismarck was NOT a German nationalist- he wanted to unify the German speaking states in order to secure Prussian dominance and eliminate French influence ■ Quotes => ■ "A conquering army on the border will not be stopped by eloquence" ■ "Politics is not an exact science" ■ "Politics is the art of the possible" ■ How did Bismark unite the German states? Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day HE DEClDEL^Sa Uniting Germany Bismarck's methodical steps to increase Prussia's power and territory: 1864 • An alliance with Austria • War against Denmark over two border provinces (Shleswig + Holstein) • Quick victory Uniting Germany Bismarck's methodical steps to increase Prussia's power and territory: 1866: Seven Weeks War ■ Bismarck ***purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein ■ The tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia ■ Quick victory, Austria was humiliated and lost territory *** Bismarck pre-negotiated a secret agreement with Italy to get its support + negotiated agreements of neutrality with France and Russia Unitina Germa Following the Seven Weeks War, Prussia took control of northern Germany •An cl#rd«m NETHERLANDS 1 867: Dissolved the German Confederation and replaced it with the North German confederation Ib^^P * MECKLENBURG A _S~""\. HANOVER ^---' ^ ( I ,BRAND6«BURCN __>V . \. WESTPHALIA MM I.II M ,/C ^ Bonn* V / RH1NB Mr a~T "A- •' «etnt our-; Vardurv. y Jr/hC 53 * Vm«^Í| bavaria RUSSIAN RMHM Pa««h«lr» 1868 —) I-1 Conquerod by Pruwo «n u»swiW«. '8(30 ( I-j Austrian tomtorioe oxcrurJod from x-* I-1 German ConfeOerauori. 1807 / V ^\ I I Jptned wrth Pruesca to form —> ' ^ I-1 German Conieoeraton. 1807 I ] Sooth German states jc-n.ng wnn '-J Pruss« to form German Empire, 1 ■ German ConfeWdiran txjunaarv. 18"6-I860 ' Won by Prussia in Borrwck'3 German Emp.ro. 1871 I——I Franco Pruewen Wer. 1871 Bismarck's methodical steps to increase Prussia's power and territory: 1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War ■ By 1 867, a few southern German speaking states remained independent of Prussia ■ Bismarck set that he could win their support if they face an outside threat: war with France ■ In response to a fake insult from Wilhelm I (Ems telegram) France declared war on Prussia (July, 1 870) and defeated 25 Prussian rule (1865 to 1871) Imperial Germany, 1871-1918 After France's defeat => Meeting in Versailles ■ Leaders of the German states urged the Prussia's King William I (Wilhem) to embrace the title "Kaiser" (emperor) January 1871 => The Second Reich (German empire) was proclaimed The First chancellor was Bismarck The German Empire The Iron Chancellor ■ As Chancellor, Bismarck used the same realpolitik methods he used to achieve unifications the ends justify the means ■ He worked to erase local loyalties and crushed all opposition to the new government, especially the Catholic Church and the Socialists ■ Earned the nickname "The Iron Chancellor" Imperial Germany, 1871-1918 First approximation to a state in the history of Germany Authoritarian government + rule of law + democratic features Press censorship persisted, but laws were quite liberal No human rights' laws 1 869=> Religious equality by law Women had no say in politics + limited property rights (educational opportunities improved in 1914) Imperial Germany, 1871-1918 ■ Composed mostly of German speaking people ■ Rapid industrialisation: Increased prosperity + industrialization Social mobility ■ Anti-socialist laws: The Police had unlimited powers of search, socialist meetings were banned Flag of Imperial Germany No parliamentary sovereignty but no monarchy either ■ Kulturkampf —> series of laws that imposed compulsory civil marriage, dissolved all religious orders, and reduced the right of churches to self-govern Imperial Germany, 1871-1918 Social Democrats developed in 1 890 ■ Rising pubic support- Became the largest party (1 /3 votes) The empire declined (two political crises: 1 91 1, 1912-1914) 1914-1918 => Emergence of aggressive nationalism & social unrest ■ Economic hardship & military defeat in WW1 discredited the regime ■ The Monarchy collapsed Imperial Germany, 1871-1918 WW1 (1914-1918): Sep 1918: Germany faced military collapse => the imperial constitution was amended to subject the military to the Chancellor Germany became a parliamentary republic The Germans were ashamed of losing the war and devastated by the Treaty of Versailles & its reparation payments 1 91 9-1 923 => 'Years of crisis' Signing the treaty of Versailles Kingdom of Prussia Annexed by Prussia in 1866 Joined the North German Confederation. 1867 Joined the German Empire. 1871 Annexed by Germany. 1871 0 100_200 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE * rr m« .itI province*. Boundary of Oefm»n fnpit*, 1(71 G«™mbwdfrv WM | SCtlleSWig to Denmark Holstein to Lithuania rrtc city of Hamburg Mecklenburg Brem«. Schwerin Pomeranian <^ , Westphalia BRUNSWICK to Bi i.ii Khmi/I.mil ^*">va° ANHALT Province I •JIS» wf ä» Saxony 4? THURINGIAN STATES Brandenburg B»rh? PRUSSIA ' _Gren;» Mark SAXONY Lower Silesia bast Prussia to Poland to Czechoslovakia The Versailles Treaty, 1920 [ ScKaunburg Lippe I 1 *-'PP« j M« ■ President's political power Can dismiss Chancellor even when retained parliament's confidence ■ Can appoint a Chancellor which isn't supported ■ General problems => ■ Lack of democratic traditions Lack of legitimacy (imposed by the victorious allies), catastrophic economic situation (1 920s hyperinflation) The Weimar Republic, 1919-1933 The decline of the Weimar Republic ■ Unstable and short-lived coalitions ■ 1 929: Economic recession, hyperinflation ■ Communist Party + Nazi party grew steadily and exponentially ■ 1 930 onwards: Germany was ruled under emergency powers (A. 48) ■ Lost popularity + the support of the elites Democracy broke down The Rise of the 'Third Reich' The Nazi party (National Socialist German Workers' Party) had 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1 928, 230 by July 1 932-became the largest party in the Parliament Feb 1 932 => Full emergency powers were given to Hitler's government 1 933 => Hitler was appointed Chancellor Institutions of Weimar Republic dismantled ■ About 30k political opponents prisoned The 'Third Reich'. 1933-1945 The Nazi party became the only political party in Germany August 2, 1 933 => Hindenburg (elected president of the Weimar Republic) dies Hitler combines the office of the President and Chancellor (and is granted full emergency powers) Attempts to reshape the German society in accordance with the Nazi ideology => Destruction of 'unGerman' culture Abolition of trade unions The 'Third Reich', 1933-1945 A Police state, ungoverned by the rule of law Boycott of Jewish owned business Book burning, The Nuremburg Laws (1 935) November 9, 1 935—Kristallnacht ■ Mass destruction of Jewish homes, synagogues and businesses ■ About 25,000 Jews deported Jews forced to wear yellow Star of David The Nuremburg Laws were antiemetic, racial laws enacted by the Reichstag. Included the Law of Protection of German Blood and German Honor and the Reichstag Citizenship Law. The 'Third Reich', 1933 ■ The National Socialists easily gained confidence and support due to political, social, financial vulnerability ■ Nationalist propaganda united the German people (Identity Politics) Economic revival in 1 930s ■ Many jobs were created (unemployment dropped from 6M to 0,5M) The 'Third Reich', 1933-1945 WWII started on Sep 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland Shortly after, the Soviets invaded from the East Nazi Germany later invaded Denmark, Finland, Norway, Eastern & Southern Europe, Greece, France North Africa etc. Over 150k mentally and physically ill were euthanized until the practice stopped due to Catholic protests The 'Third Reich' Nazi Germany established work and extermination camps across Europe, especially in southern and eastern Poland Over 1 1 million people in Europe killed/murdered: 6 million Jews- Holocaust (genocide of European Jews) 2-3 million Soviet POWs 2 million Poles Over 1 million Roma (Gypsies) Over 10k Homosexuals The Demise of the 'Third Reich9 June 6th 1944 => "D-Day", 156k Anglo-American + Canadian allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy (France) ■ Battle of Normandy (June 1944 to August 1944), "Operation Overload" resulted in the liberation of western Europe from Nazi Germany ■ By late August 1944 all northern France was liberated Germany surrendered on May 7, 1 945 February 1 945 => Germany divided Germany Post WW2 ■ WW2 lasted for 2,1 94 days 30 states +110 million army men and women were involved ■ Neutral states: Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland ■ WW2 left Germany in ruins: morally, economically, socially, coupled Food scarcity Germany Post WW2 Morally- 4.3 million dead and missing military personnel, 350k to 500k Civilian deaths Systematic destruction in Europe done in their name- collective guilt Economically: heavy damages to industry and transportation infra, poverty, black market Socially: May 1 945 -> massive expulsion and displacement of Germans (e.g. from Czechoslovakia and Poland) Germany Post WW2 Summer 1 945; Potsdam's conference => Stalin, Truman, Churchill ■ The 4 'D' Plan: ■ Demilitarization No more than 370k soldiers in the army East Germany- a Nuclear Weapon Free zone ■ Democratization ■ Denazification Decartelization Thank You For Your Attention! 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