z The Cold War in Asia z Housekeeping §QUIZ: §PAPER §READING z THIS WEEK §THE SUEZ CRISIS §ASIA AFTER THE WAR §JAPAN §KOREA §VIETNAM §CHINA: Different Kind of Communism § 100 Years of Humiliation § Communists and Nationalists § Mao’s Permanent Revolution z The Crisis in Suez: Background §The Suez Canal: Finished in 1869 by British § Key waterway connecting Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea §Gamel Abdel Nasser heads Egypt as Arab Nationalist § Looks to Soviet model for industrial development § Confrontation towards former imperialist countries § Stalin/Molotov ignores him § Khrushchev begins to court him in 1955 with arms sales, help with Aswan Dam z The Crisis Unfolds §July, 1956: Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal §October 26-28: Israel, Britain and France attack Egypt §October 30: US and USSR join in criticizing attack at UN §Eisenhower threatens economic sanctions, in particular selling British pounds, resulting in devaluation §Soviets threaten military action: Soviet volunteers, nuclear retaliation §Israel, Britain and France stop the attack §Khrushchev’s lesson: Nuclear threats work z Asia after the War §The Reach of Japan § Civil wars in China, Southeast Asia §Soviet Union agrees to join war against Japan at Yalta § Soviet Union given control of Kurile Islands, Korea north of 38th parallel § Soviet Union gets economic advantages in Manchuria §Soviet Union Invades Manchuria, North Korea on August 9 § Places communists in charge of Manchuria, North Korea § But US occupies South Korea, Japan, keeps rejects Kurile Island deal § With cold war, US reverses plans for Japanese occupation to allow rapid recovery §Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh fights Japanese, ties to communists but looks to United States § US decides to support France, which wants Indochina back § Political map of East Asia and the Western Pacific on 27 Mar 1946 (End of the Old Order: Reclaiming China), showing the following events: Retrocession Day; Battle of Surabaya; British Commonwealth Occupation Force; Franco-Chinese Agreement; French land at Haiphong; Soviet Union withdraws from Manchuria. 1942 1946 z The Communists in China’s Civil War §China’s “100 Years of Humiliation” §The Republic of China—1912 § Cooperation between Nationalists and Communists,1921-1927 §Comparing the revolutions in China and the Soviet Union § The Bolshevik Revolution: a rapid coup d’etat, relatively few Bolshevik party members, no experience in government, civil war after holding power § The Chinese Communist Revolution: civil war lasting 21 years before gaining power, administered large territories, many party members § Chinese Revolution more nationalist, peasant-based, practical § z Mao’s Vision of Communism §Mao looks more to peasant population than workers §More “voluntarist”: Believes human will can overcome material § constraints §Mao indicates notion of “permanent revolution” § Revolution not only struggle against external enemies § Also internal struggle § Struggle against bureaucracy § Land Reform, Collectivization, Hundred Flowers, the Three antis, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution z The United States and Communist China §During the war, US actively supported Nationalist Chinese §Roosevelt pushes for China seat on UN Security Council §1949: Truman refuses to intervene to save Nationalists in 1949 §Victory of Communists has huge result on US domestic politics §“The China Lobby” and a purge of Asianists in State Dept. §US refuses to recognize Chinese government until 1979 § Provides promises support to Taiwan in 1950 § z Stalin and Mao §Stalin skeptical of Mao and Chinese Communist Party § Early on, Moscow had opposed Mao’s guerrilla war in the countryside in favor of strategy focused on cities § in 1945, Stalin signed a Friendship Treaty with Nationalists § During civil war, Stalin suggested Mao remain cautious § After civil war, Mao looks to Soviet Union as ally § “Lean to One Side” § Stalin suspects Mao of being another Tito: Mao suspects Stalin of Great § power chauvinism § 1949: Mao waits for a month before an audience § Stalin maintains advantages in Manchuria § 1950: Korean War (Which Mao embraces) § z The Basic Problem: Two Different Stages of Revolution §China: The Revolutionary Stage: § Massive changes, must mobilize population, huge campaigns,uses external enemies, “imperialism”, as a means to mobilize § Uses foreign policy as a means to mobilize: agressive §Soviet Union: “Mature” Post-Revolutionary Phase § Revolutionary changes already occurred § New Soviet elite interested in maintaining position § Gradual change rather than upheave § More interested in Peaceful Coexistence rather than war z The Golden Age, 1954-1957 §After Stalin dies, Khrushchev in charge of USSR-China § Offers more equal relationship § Changes Friendship Treaty so USSR no longer gets § special privileges § Offers large amount of economic assistance (7% of USSR § GDP) § Help with attaining atomic weapons § More status in consulting §WHY IS KHRUSHCHEV SO GENEROUS? §STILL, USSR still portrays itself as leader of communist movement § Mao is not impressed with Khrushchev’s theoretical vision z §Mao’s Response to Khrushchev’s Secret Speech § More negative than positive: why? §China gets involved in decisions about Eastern Europe § Defends Gomulka as national avenue to socialism § Argues for intervention in Hungary § Destalinization and the Beginning of Tension z Mao’s Brinksmanship and Tension Escalates §Khrushchev wants to improve economy, Mao wants to transform it, coming up to Great Leap Forward §1957-1961: Soviet Union launches Sputnik; Khrushchev brags about nuclear capability §1958: USSR wants submarine bases in China; Mao considerate Great Power Chauvinism §Mao launches 2nd Taiwan Straits Crisis, Does not tell Soviets §Mao’s rhetoric on nuclear war escalates: “Paper Tiger” §1958: Khrushchev cancels nuclear help to China z §1957: Two Communist giants going in two directions § USSR: rapid improvement in economy § China: Transformation of economy: Great Leap Forward § Mao believes USSR has lost revolutionary spirit, i §1957: USSR launches Sputnik, brags about capability § Khrushchev wants peaceful coexistence from position of equality, hopes to use nuclear capability to extract concession, but vows he doesn’t want war §1958 China begins 2nd Taiwan Straits crisis without telling USSR § Mao’s rhetoric suggests he doesn’t believe nuclear war would be the end § Soviet Union stops providing help with nuclear weapons Competition for Leader of Communist Movement z The Competition Continues §1959: Khrushchev visits US, brief easing of tensions §Mao privately accuses Khrushchev of favoring peace over socialism §The competition moves to Third World National Liberation movements: Khrushchev reluctant to help, says they can liberate selves, while demands more active support §1960: Khrushchev retracts aid from China §1962: China criticizes Khrushchev’s handling of Cuban Missile Crisis § z The Open Feud §1963: The rift goes public §1968: Skirmish on border dispute on Amur River