Masaryk University
Autumn 2012
Psychotherapy: Theory, practice and research
6th
January 2013
Psychotherapy politics in Belgium
For beginning, I would like to define « psychotherapy ». According to me, there
is not only one good definition of this topic. I have found an explanation that is similar
with my own view, « no single definition of psychotherapy has won universal
acceptance. Depending on one’s theoretical orientation, psychotherapy can be
conceptualized as interpersonal persuasion, psychosocial education, professionally
coached self-change, behavioral technology, a form of reparenting, the purchase of
friendship, a contemporary variant of shamanism, health care, and many others. As
Perry London (1986) once quipped, it is easier to practice psychotherapy than to
explain or define it. »1
. But my interest has been raised by a definition of Norcross ,
which is, for me, complete and represents the way that I see the psychotherapy.
According to Norcross, « Psychotherapy is the informed and intentional application of
clinical methods and interpersonal stances derives from established psychological
principles for the purpose of assisting people to modify their behaviors, cognitions,
emotions, and/or other personal characteristics in directions that the participants deem
desirable. »2
.
The psychotherapy is based on a help and interpersonal relationship. As for all
the relationship, the therapist and the patient have to define the relation for determine
which communication they have to use; this definition can be made by their own
behaviors. In the psychotherapy, the interaction between the therapist and his patient
involve the therapeutic changes. But the importance and the role of this relation
depend on the type of therapy, this is important to determine this one for each
therapeutic system. For instance, this relationship has a little importance in behavior
therapy in contrast of psychoanalysis within this one brings the content of the therapy.
1
Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (1994). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis (3rd ed.). US:
Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. P.5.
2
Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (1994). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis (3rd ed.). US:
Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. P.6.
Komentář [a1]: This is not APA
citation style, but i will accept it.
Komentář [a2]: It used to be in this way.
Actually nowadays the therapeutic
relationship is considered to be a common
factor in therapy and every psychotherapy
approach try to focus on it, but in different
ways.
Before to describe the situation in my country, I would like to insist on different
notions in the profession “psy” which are frequently confused. This distinction is
important because these concepts have not the same situation in the country.
A psychiatrist is a doctor who has followed a formation (seven years in medicine
and five years in specialization), he can prescribe drug to his patients.
A psychologist is someone who has followed a university formation (five years)
but the field of the psychology is wide so there are a lot of specializations. For instance,
a psychologist can work in a hospital but also in a company.
And for last concept, everyone can claim itself psychotherapist, a formation is
not request. A last distinction that I would like to emphasize is between
psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. A psychoanalyst is someone who practices
psychoanalysis, which is a kind of psychotherapy.
My home country, Belgium, is one of the countries in Europe without a
regulation about the exercise of the psychotherapy, conversely to psychiatrists and
psychologists, which are protected by law and supervised by the government.
Psychotherapist is widely debated in our society. Behind this profession there is a
practical rather than a degree or a diploma.
They are three different situations cover by the word « psychotherapist »:
1. The psychotherapist is a psychologist or a psychiatrist who is practicing
psychotherapy.
2. The psychotherapist has followed a formation within a school but it is
not recognize by the government.
3. The psychotherapist is self-proclaimed psychotherapist based on
readings, theory or his own experiences that making him able to help
others.
Komentář [a3]: Really i am suprised?
Since 1998, there is a debate on the regulation of the profession « psy » and
different propositions and pilot study had been proposed. The project of a law and so,
this debate, has been developed in result of the insecurity of the patient; the
government have to protect them against incompetent therapists. Because at present
time in Belgium everyone can declare itself psychotherapist, the patient can be face up
to and confide in bad therapists like crooks, gurus, or sects and a lot of abuses on
patients are observed. So a law for the security may be necessary in this discipline.
Unfortunately, the government cannot respond to the numerous complaints that it
receives because it is unable to refer to tittles legally protected.
Different proposals have been elaborated and these can be gathered in two main
tendencies: for the first one, these professions have to be classified as health profession
(royal decree 78) and for the second one not. I will explain the most important projects.
In the first tendency different project have been developed like Bob Cools,
“Mayeur, Lambert, Burgeon” and Rudy Demotte. The royal decree 78 regulates the
medical profession. So with the projects of the first tendency, the « psy » professions
are placed on the same level than nurses and psychotherapists.
The current framework of the law is the Royal Decree 78 called “Arreté royal
sur l’exercice de l’art de guerrir” 3
which legislates medical and paramedical
professions. In 2001, this one had been modified and psychosocial professions had
been introduced in this decree, this Royal decree is now calling “Arreté royal à
l’exercice des professions de soin de santé”4
. In this decree, the illegal exercising of
the medicine is defined as “the performing usual (for those not holding a degree of
Doctor of Medicine) any act aimed at the respect of a human being, or a review of the
health status or screening illness or disability or the diagnosis or treatment of the
execution of a medical condition, physical or mental, real or perceived, or
vaccination.”5
So in this project, the psychotherapy practiced by non-medical people is
3
This is the official name in French. It means “Royal decree on the exercise of the art of healing”
4
This is the official name in French. It means “ Royal decree on the exercise of the health care professions”
5
This is a traduction of Gross S.,“Les psychanalystes Belges devant la loi”, Topique, 101, p.61.
“l'accomplissement habituel (par les personnes non détentrices d'un diplôme de docteur en médecine) de
illegal if it is about proven mental disorders. But the law will not integrate all the
therapy, for instance couples therapy or therapy for the treatment of ill-being or selfesteem
will not concern by this law. This project was made inapplicable by the
extension of the sector of the mental health.
The first attempt is the law “Alvoet-Tavernier” in 2001, his aim is the guaranty
of the quality and the protection of the patient. They wanted to turn the paramedical
profession of mental health to paramedical by the obligation to work with the
prescription of a doctor. But this project had been removed by the mobilization of the
sector of the mental health. This is after this first proposition, in opposition with this
one, that the Platform of psychotherapist had been created. It includes psychologists,
psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, and counselors wanting to defend the
vision of their profession. The three federations representing the three main
orientations in the country are present it this platform: la « Fédération Francophone
Belge de Psychothérapie Psychanalytique » 6
(FFBPP), la « Fédération belge de
Psychothérapie Humaniste » 7
(FPH) et de l’Association regroupant les
psychothérapeutes systémiciens » 8
(ABIPFS).
Bob Cools, doctor in psychology, developed a proposal in accordance with
Alvoet, which includes two levels of practice in psychotherapy:
- psychotherapy (practiced by psychologists and psychiatrists)
- counseling (practiced by people who have follow no-university higher
education)
tout acte ayant pour objet, à l'égard d'un être humain, soit l'examen de l'état de santé, soit le dépistage de
maladies ou déficiences, soit l'établissement du diagnostic ou l'exécution du traitement d'un état
pathologique, physique ou psychique, réel ou supposé, soit la vaccination.”
6
Federation Francophone Belgian Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
7
Belgian Federation of Humanist Psychotherapy
8
Association involving systemic therapists and psychotherapists
Komentář [a4]: What is the situation in
the sector of education , e.g. treating of
comduct disorders in childhood and
adolescence is considered to in or out of
domain of medical proffesions?
Like the majority in Flanders, Bob Cools is a cognitive-comportementalist. So
according to him, psychotherapy is validated by scientific studies based on statistics
and doctors of psychology or psychiatrists should teach psychotherapy.
“Mayeur-Lambert-Buregeon” is a project of “framework law” which goes
beyond the protection of the patient; this project aims to recognize the specificity of
the profession of mental health by the creation of a specific chapter within the Royal
Decree 78. It pushes the separation between mental health and physical medicine, the
mental health will have a epistemological definition different than the one of the
medicine. This project de-paramedicalises professions of the mental health.
The current proposition of the Minister of Health, Rudy Demotte, is inspired of
this “Mayeur-Lambert-Buregeon” project. In these proposals, the field of the
psychoanalysis is reduced on clear psychotherapy.
The psychoanalysts are against these new propositions for a matter of common
status, for these people the field of the psychoanalysis is larger than the mental health.
All the Belgian psychoanalysis associations had getting together and being organized
in the “Fédération des associations belges de psychoanalyses” 9
(FABEP). This
federation had been created with the objective of a common position for all the
psychoanalysts against the politics. The psychoanalysts are opposed to and differ from
the platform of the psychotherapists who want a law of a paramedicalisation and they
claim a status, a profession (psychotherapist) as part of the mental health.
The FABEP had two positions:
1. Psychoanalysts don’t want a law.
2. If there will be a law, the psychoanalyst from known associations will be
qualified for practicing the psychotherapy.
This federation organized different petitions and different claims to the Minister but
these one was staying without respond. They had decide to create a case file called
9
“Federation of the Belgian association of psychoanalysis”
“Situation de la psychanalise en Belgique” which have for aim to inform all the people
from the specificity of psychoanalyze.
The conception of each association about mental health and psychotherapy are
gathered in three different positions within the FABEP:
1. Position of the “Ecole belge de Psychanalyse”. They agree with the position of
psychoanalyze in the field of the mental health and the assimilation between
psychoanalyze and psychotherapy. They are not opposed with a law if this one
leaves the formation to the different associations.
2. Position of the “Ecole de la cause Freudienne”. They agree with the position of
psychoanalyze in the field of the mental health but with a condition, the
psychoanalysts have to have a different workmate of the psychotherapists.
3. This is the majority position. The field of psychoanalyze is larger than the
psychotherapy, they don’t want the law within which the psychoanalyze is
gather with the mental health.
In spite of these different positions, all the members of the FABEP agree with the fact
that this federation is necessary to protect the specificity and the interest of the
psychoanalysis in the future debate.
My country is separated in two main part: the Wallonia, French part, in the
South and the Flanders, dutch part, in the North (there is also a third part in the SouthEast,
German part). These different parts has different viewpoint about the debate.
The Dutch want a law of exercise within which the “psy” professions are classified as
health profession. For this part of the country, the movement cognitivecomportementalism
is the only kind of therapy with evidence; it is the only effective
therapy. They pass over the study that shows that there is not therapy whit
effectiveness higher than the other one.
On the francophone side, it’s more complicated, the different minister have different
viewpoint. A “coordination psy” has been established including all the different
orientation and diploma in the “psy” profession. This movement is managed by a
platform that coordinate the participants. The ministers want a unanimous movement
in the society.
A big advance in this debate is the current recognition of three associations of the
platform by the SFP (“Service Public Federal” 10
) as professional federation
representative the profession of psychotherapist. It is a big advance because it is the
first time in Belgium that an official and federal instance recognizes the profession.
These three associations have an aggregation since 2011 until 2016.
Before to do this essay, I didn’t realize that the situation in my country is so
complicated. But now, I can observe that my viewpoint is really consistent with my
part of the country (French part); I think that for change the present situation we must
to have a solid movement with the same idea but without pass over the others views. I
think that we have to consider all the different view for have a strong and complete
idea.
If a proposal of a law is accepted, two situations will be possible:
1. The different institutes of formation for the psychotherapist which is respecting
some criteria could be recognized by the government. People who have
followed their formation in this institution could be accepted as
psychotherapist.
2. If the title of psychotherapists will be only for the university, the situation will
be similar to the situation of the France. The professional will use an other title
near to psychotherapist but not the same, « psychopraticien »11
, because they
10
Federal public service
11
There is not an english traduction for this word “psychopraticien”.
don’t respect all the criteria.
Before to conclude my essay, I would like to briefly describe in few words the
different approches of psychotherapy in my country.
In Belgium, we don’t have our own approaches, there are a variety of
psychotherapeutic approaches and the choice of the kind of therapy depend on the
expectations of the patient and on the framework of the situation, it can be individual,
group or familial view. So they are several forms of the psychotherapy but these have
some common elements. Psychotherapy looks for differential effectiveness of some
therapy with specific disorders.
I will describe the three main kinds of psychotherapy in Belgium: psychoanalysis,
cognitive-behavior therapy and systemic therapy.
Psychoanalysis is born with Sigmund Freud. According to him, the individual
have to realize that his way to think is influenced by his past and his rejected ideas.
The therapist is somebody who creates a situation within the individual can understand
itself and be aware of his life. In this kind of therapy, the way to think is emphasized.
The main concept in the cognitive-behavior therapy is that our behavior is
influenced by our thoughts and our feelings. This therapy is used the most of time for
helping people with a specific problem like phobias, depression, anxiety, etc. This is a
short-term therapy during while the client learns how to identify the disturbing
thoughts and how to change it because these thoughts have negative influence on the
behavior.
Systemic therapy considers the interpersonal relationship of the patient (individual
or group) in the diagnostic. So this therapy don’t consider people on a individual level
but on relationship level, people deals with all the interaction on a group.
To conclude this essay, the situation of the psychotherapy in Belgium is really in
late comparing with the others European countries. Even if there was a lot of proposal
of law proposed, anyone had been accepted and so, there is still no law on the
Komentář [a5]: It would improve your
essay, if you will compare situation in your
country with guidelines of European
Association for Psychotherapy
(http://www.europsyche.org/). I appreciate
precisely description of situation in your
country. There are parts of your text, that
should be exluded :
1.first two paragraph, you are not using
further information from them ;
2. short general discription of three
psychotherapy approaches at the end ;+
I evaluate your text as C.
regulation of the psychotherapy. Everyone can claim itself psychotherapist, this fact
reduce the security of the patient against his therapist.
REFERENCES :
 Books
Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (1994). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical
analysis (3rd ed.). US: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Haley, J. (1992). Stratégies de la psychotherapie (Dupuis G., Trans.). Toulouse,
France : Eres. (Originalwork published 1963).
Ford, D. H., Urban, H. B. (1998). Contemporary models of psychotherapy : A
comparative analysis (2nd
ed.). New York, NY : John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Gross, S. (2008). Les psychanalystes belves devant la loi. Topique, 101, 61-66.
 Web
http://www.lacanw.be/archives/FABEP/061026%20situation%20de%20la%20ps
ychanalyse%20en%20Belgique.pdf
http://www.mieux-etre.org/Psychotherapie-ou-en-sommes-nous.html
http://www.mieux-etre.org/Situation-du-titre-de.html
http://www.psy-therapie.be/le-monde-psy.html
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/a/cbt.htm