Theoretical input I + II: Nationalism, National Socialism Petra Mlejnková, Ph.D. 12 October 2020 BSSb1182 International nationalism What we will be taking about? • • •FAR RIGHT • •Umbrella term for political subjects based on nationalist ideology •Political parties, movements, organizations, individuals Far right •3 characteristic features: • 1)Nativism (nationalism + xenophobia) 2) 2)Belief in law and order; strong state (authoritarianism) – protection of „own“ people 3) 3)Protectionism (economic „welfare chauvinism“; political; cultural; identity) Far right • •In political science, the term covers chauvinist nationalists, Fascists and neo-Nazis; radicals, extremists. Therefor it is quit broad category. Nationalism - nation •Community of people with collective needs and with common sense of belonging to political community • •Common space •Common origins •Common language •Common habits, culture •Common history •Common religion •Common national identity • •Objective and subjective features Ideology of nationalism •Smith (2010): basic theses of nationalism: • 1)World is devided into nations, each nation has own character, history and destiny. 2)Nation is unique source of political power. 3)Loyality to nation is the most important kind of loyality. 4)Each person should belong to some nation. 5)To secure global peace and justice, the world composed from autonomous nations is needed. • 1) Ideology of nationalism •CIVIC NATIONALISM • •„liberal nationalism“ •People have equal political rights •Non-xenophobic nationalism compatible with liberal values, freedom, tolerance, equality, individual rights •Nation is not based on ethnic origin, but it is political entity •Inclusive nationalism • •ETHNIC NATIONALISM • •Nation is definied in terms of ethnicity (common blood) •Exclusive nationalism •Does not automatically mean belief in superiority of one ethinicity over others Nation according to the far right •Ethnic understanding (with racial features) that do not allow assimilation •Nationalism as central element • •Nationalism is accompanied by: •- Organic vision of society -Hierarchy -Authoritarian government -Etatism -Traditional values -Nation on the first place (not individuals) • •NATIONAL CHAUVINISM and XENOPHOBIA • • - Obsah obrázku budova, podepsat, vsedě, jídlo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku exteriér, osoba, text, chůze Popis byl vytvořen automaticky National socialism (Nazism/neo-Nazism) • • •Feature of Nazism (and neo-Nazism): • - anti-liberalism • - anti-democratism • - anti-communism • - leader principle • - nationalism • - racism • - anti-Semitism • •Neo-Nazism as a term used by outsiders Racism of the NS •All human characteristics are biologically and racially determinate, ethnic characteristics are given •Races are not equal •Superiority of one race over others • •Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (1816–1882) – Essay about the inequality of human races • •Robert Knox (1798–1862) – Human races • •Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927) – The foundations of nineteenth century • • •Social darwinism • Racism of the NS •Superiority of white race (Aryan race) • •Biological racism (hierarchy in human races) vs. cultural racism •Cultural racism = incompatibility and differences among races • •Vision of white Europe • • •Rejection of multi-culturalism Anti-Semitism •Anti-Semitism = hate towards Jews as ethnical and religious group • 1)Religious anti-Semitism (anti-Judaism) 2)(Racial) anti-Semitism 3)New anti-Semitism (anti-Sionism, Holocaust denial) • „Auschwitz lie“ •Denial and revisionism of history •Denial of gass chambers existence in Auschwitz •Jewish conspiracy • •„Classical“ revisionists e.g. Arthur R. Butz, David Leslie Hoggan, Fred A. Leuchter, Emil Lachout, Robert Faurisson, Paul Rassinier, Ernst Zündel, Udo Walendy • •David Irving • Jewish conspiracy •Jews control whole world, Jews want to make „slaves“ from all people, especially from Aryan race as the biggest enemy • •Christianity, liberalism, democracy, humanism; international organizations such as NATO, UN – all created by Jews to control the world • •ZOG – Zionist Occupation Government • •Aryan nations/race is the most perfect race = the biggest threat to Jews •The mutual conflict is unavoidable •The conflict is determinate by race law RAHOWA •= Racial Holy War • •Important role of anti-Semitic, anti-immigration and anti-Roma features •The War will be world war •Unavoidable war •All subordinated races will be exterminated •WE or THEM • •Laws of nature are applied •As human body that also does not tolerate strange organisms • • •the most sophisticated vision of Rahowa comes from the Creativity Movement • • RAHOWA and Creativity Movement •Ben Klassen, 1973 • •5 steps to win the racial war: 1)Formation of racially loyal group 2)Formation of movement that will be able to take over power from Jews 3)To fulfill point 2: promotion of white race and waking up its potential 4)Boycot of Jews 5)After getting control over own destiny of white race, the other races will not be supported by white race anymore e.g. end of humanitarian aid 6) • RAHOWA and militant NS organisations (e.g. Blood and Honour) • •Voilent way of RAHOWA •Direct actions „New“ profile issues •Not only about race and rejecting immigration • •Globalization – cause of all negative issues as migration, economic crisis, loosing identity and destroying of traditional European patterns •Capitalism a liberalism - they destroy identity od individuals X national socialism based on community, bratherhood, community of Aryan people •Anti-communism •Homosexuality – sexual deviation that should be punished by law •Ecology • •