Greater Albania and Greater Serbia Věra Stojarová coat of arms srbska cs^uck1 kosovo Greater Albania n Albanians outside Albania nAlbania: 3,5 mil. nKosovo : around 2 million (80-90% of the population) nMacedonia : ½ million (around 25 %) nMontenegro: 40 880 Albanians (1991) nGreece (300 000?), Italy (150 000?), Turkey (over million?), USA (250 000?) galbania Emancipation of the Kosovo Albanians nStarted in the 60´s n1974 gained more power n1989 authonomy drastically reduced; since then start of the setting up of the paralell institutions n1991 Badinter comission said Kosovo does not have right for independence n1996 emergence of UÇK n1996-1999 war Albanians vs. Serbs n1999 war NATO vs. Serbs n2000 Presevo valley n2001 Macedonia uprising n1999 protectorate under UN auspices n2008 independence kosovo uck Resolution 1244 nWithdrawal of SCG forces nProtectorate of the UN, de iure autonomous province of Serbia nDemilitarizing the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and other armed Kosovo Albanian groups. nUNMIK and KFOR Metamorphosis of the UÇK 1.Political pillar (provisionary government and the political party PPDK 2.Military pillar (KPC – Kosovo Protection Corps) 3.Police (KPS – Kosovo Police Service) 4.Organized crime uck cs^uck1 Independence 2008 nSpain, Slovakia, Cyprus, Romania, Greece nRussia China n96 states do not recognize Serbian minority nDinar, Car plates, language, social Security net, health care, education, para state Correction of the borders – land swap Issues nTrepca mines, gazivode lake and electric power plant nSerbian minority nImport duty from Serbia into Kosovo increase 100% tariff nTrains, planes, border crossings, car plates, ID´s and passports, telephone nets nMonasteries and their property n Political landscape nPDK, LDK, AAK nVetevendosje – Greater Albania Grb_Bosna Greater Serbia and the BiH question Grb_Bosna ethnic-yugo Grb_Bosna Ethnic composition of BiH 44 % Bosniaks (Muslims) 31 % Serbs 17 % Croats Grb_Bosna Desintegration and road to war • • 1991 Declaration of independence •1992 Referendum about the independence – 63,4 % voters voted for •Serbs boycotted the referendum •1992-1995 war in BiH and Croatia • Grb_Bosna Position towards the independent BiH Serbs and Croats endeavoured the partition of BiH Serbs constituted the Serbian Republic (Republika srpska) Croats declared their state as well – Herzeg Bosna Serbs Croats Bosniaks I. Bosniak II. Internal actor Political party Serbian democratic party (SDS BiH) Croatian democratic community (HDZ BiH) Party of democratic action (SDA) Persona Radovan Karadžić Davor Perinović, Stjepan Kljuić, Mate Boban Alija Izetbegović Fikret Abdić Armed formation Army of Republika srpska Croatian council of defence (HVO) Army of Republic BaH Army of Fikret Abdić State 9.1.1992 Republika srpska BaH, 12.8. renamed Republika srpska, Pale 3.7.1992 Croatian community Herzeg Bosna, 24.8.1993 Croatian republic Herzeg Bosna, Grude Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH, Sarajevo) Athonomous region Western Bosnia, renamed Republic of Western Bosnia, Velka Kladuša External actor Political party Socialistic party of Serbia (SPS) Croatian democratic community (HDZ) Support of islamic countries Cooperation with Croats as well as Serbs Persona Slobodan Milošević Franjo Tudjman Armed formation Yugoslav Peples Army (JNA), Yugoslavian army Croatian army (HV) State Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), Belgrade Croatia. Zagreb Support of islamic countries (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libye) Paramiliary formations Serbian volunteer guard (Tigers) – Arkan; Chetniks- Šešelj; White Eagles- Jović Croatian defence forces (HOS) El-Mudžahid Green Berets I. Phase of the war (6. 4. 1992 beginning 1993) II. Phase of the war (1993 -March 1994) III. Phase of the war (March 1994 -1995) IV. Local episode (29. 9. 1993 - 7. 8. 1995) Serbs x Bosniaks + Croats Serbs x Bosniaks Serbs x Croats Bosniaks x Croats Serbs x Bosniaks + Croats Bosniaks x Bosniaks (Army of the Republic BaH x Army of Fikret Abdić) Grb_Bosna Dayton Peace Agreement Negotiated in Dayton, signed in Paris 14th December 1995, signed by Milošević, Tudjman and Izetbegović, The Constitution of BiH was included in Annex IV. Of the Dayton Peace Agreement BiH – composed of 2 Entities •the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (51 %) •Republic of Srpska (49 %). •All citizens of either Entity are thereby citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political system in BiH according to the Sarajevo agreement, which modified the Dayton Peace agreement: nBiH: nPresidency: each entity shall have 1 representative, 4 years. nGovernment: Council of ministers appointed by the Presidency. Powers: foreign policy, foreign trade, tawes, monetary politics, financing of the institutions of BiH, foreign obligations, immigration, refugees, international law, penal law inbetween the entities, common infrastructure, air space control. nLegislative: bicameral: nHouse of nations – 15 MPs, 5 from each entity, delegates elected by the parliaments of RS and FBiH nHouse of representatives: 42 MPs, 2/3 elected directly in FBiH, 1/3 in RS nBoth chambers elect their common presidency, system of rotation. nConstitutional court: 9 members, 4 are nominated by the House of representatives FBiH, 2 by national assembly RS, 3 by the chair of the European court for human rights (must not be the inhabitants of BiH or the neighbouring state, nominated for 5 years) n n nFBiH: nPresident rotates with 2 vice-presidents, elected by the House of representatives, president nominates the government, he is consulted with the nominationof ombudsman and judges, sighns laws and international treaties, grants amnesties ( with exclusion of the war crimes and genocide) nGovernment: prime minister and deputy prime minister, ministers and their deputy prime ministers which must not be from the same nation as the prime ministers. 8 Bosniacs, 5 Croats, 3 Serbs. nLegislative: House of representatives : 98 MPs, 4 Years, direct vot, 73 proportional systém, 25 compensatory mandates. nHouse of nations: 58 MPs, 17 from each nation and 7 seats for the minorities) nConstitutional court 9 judges n nRS: nPresident with 2 vice-presidents from all nations, direct vote, president proposes the prime minister, the NAtional assembly approves the government nGovernment 8 Serbs, 5 Bosniacs 3 Croats. nNational assembly 83 MPs, direct vote, 4 years. nThe Council of Nations consists of 28 representatives delegated by the National Assembly (eight Croats, eight Bosniacs, eight Serbs, and four others). nConstitutional court: 7 judges, elected for 8 years, once. n n n n n n n Grb_Bosna The High Representative The High Representative is the final authority in theater regarding interpretation of this Agreement on the civilian implementation of the peace settlement. n nValentin Inzko since 2009 nMiroslav Lajčák July 2007 -2009 nChristian Schwarz-Schilling 31 January 2006 – July 2007 nPaddy Ashdown 27 May 2002 - 31 January 2006 nWolfgang Petritsch August 1999 - 27 May 2002 n Carlos Westendorp June 1997 - July 1999 n Carl Bildt December 1995 - June 1997 schilling-pass-photo_65x90 ashdown-pass-photo_65x93 petritsch-pass-photo_65x85 cwestendorp-pass-photo_65x85 cbildt-pass-photo_65x85 lajcak Serbia Republic of Srpska Serbia Monte Negro Serbia: the plain tricolour as the national flag, the tricolour with coat of arms as the state flag srbsko rs bih coat of arms srbska flagbigscg grbbig peoples flag The flag with 4 S is often used, but unofficially. Само слога Србина спашава in lat. Samo sloga Srbina spašava (Only Unity can save the Serbs)" . ba_serbs ctyry slova Grb_Bosna Elections - failure of multiethnic state and Dayton?? Almost every elections win the ethnic parties Questions: nIs the endeavour of the international community to build the multiethnic society right/feasible? nDoes BiH in its current shape have a future? nWould not be better to divide Bosnia? If Yes – How? nWould not be better to build nation states in the Balkans – Greater Serbia, Greater Croatia etc.? nShould the international community withdraw from BiH or stay? nWhat do u think about the US – stepping into the war, ending it and then withdrawing leaving the job on the EU? 1292413-Travel_Picture-Republika_Srpska Islam in the Balkans nBiH, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania nHistory of Austro-Hungarian empire - institutionalisation nDifferent historical development (Yugoslavia vs. Albania and Bulgaria) n n 1977 Islamic teololgical fakulty in Sarajevo, 1984 metresa in Skopje, Islamic centre in Zagreb 1987 vs. Islamic University in Tirana 2011 Yugoslavia – continuous proces vs. Bulgaria and Albania new start of contacts with Islamic world Islam in the Balkans nWar in BiH – mudžahedins nDayton agreement and the foreign fighters nLocal version of islam vs. New radical islam after 1990 (BiH vs. Albania) nFight for power between different streams nFuture – deteriorating old balkan version of islam and stricter islamic rules n On one hand welcome, on the other muslim community afraid that they will indoctrinize the inhabitants and introduce new radical means of islam Had to leave but those who got married stayed, and first repression came after attack on american ambassays in Nairobi and Dar el Salam in 1998 and 9/11/2011, also tied to the social-democratic governments which are not that much welcoming new radical islam Islam in BiH n40 % of the population (Muslims, Albanians, Roma, Turks) nHeadscarves, hijabs BiH and freedom of religion nReligious education decentralized nState holidays nHigher education nRS parliament – oath nReligious reconciliation nLaw recognizes only civil marriages the school is required to organize religion classes on their behalf. However, in the rural RS, there is usually no qualified religious representative available to teach religious studies to the handful of Bosniak or Croat students Bosnia's state-level Government does not officially recognize any religious holidays. During the reporting period, Parliament failed to agree on a state law on national holidays. Entity and cantonal authorities routinely recognized religious holidays celebrated by members of the area's majority religion, with government and public offices closed on those days. Locally observed holy days included Orthodox Easter and Christmas in the RS, Catholic Easter and Christmas in Herzegovina, and Kurban Bajram and Ramadan Bajram in Sarajevo and central Bosnia. The Faculty of Islamic Sciences was located in Sarajevo, the Serb Orthodox Seminary was in Foca in the RS, and two Catholic theology faculties (one run by the Franciscans and one run by the Diocese) were located in Sarajevo. Deputies being sworn into the RS National Assembly could choose either a religious oath consistent with their religious tradition or a nonreligious civil oath. Deputies to the state and federation parliaments took nonreligious civil oaths. In July 2005, the leaders of the four traditional religious communities attended the ceremony marking the tenth anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre. Islam in Albania nthe largest religion in the country nMajority Sunni with a significant Bektashi Shia minority. n1923 break with caliphate nAlbania the only European member of organisation of islamic cooperation nimams n2011 opened first islamic university Bektashi is a dervish order of islam (albania, macedonia, bulgaria, turkey, kosovo,crete) A dervish is someone guiding a Sufi Muslim ascetic down a path or "Tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity. His^[4] focus is on the universal values of love and service, dervish is known to practice dhikr through physical exertions or religious practices to attain the ecstatic trance to reach Allah. Imams due to the atheism are those who studied after 1990 in arabic countries, all speak fluently arabic, are young in their 30s, are against specific regional islamic practices Government approval for the university came back in 2005 in order to produce home-grown leaders for Albania's Muslim communities. "We have to put an end to the import-export of theological students with the Arab countries, and instead create a university that prepares leaders who will guide our local communities in the Albanian cultural tradition of tolerance and respect for other faiths," Albania's then Premier Fatos Nano said at the 2005 announcement for approving the university's budget. Conflict between the Albanian traditional Islamic tradition and a new generation of imams trained abroad has caused serious tensions within the country's Muslim communities, which the government hopes to address with this new university. Kosovo foreign fighters n2013 media portrayed those leaving for Syria as martyrs and heroes fighting against dictator nLater on change - much stronger criticism: analysts demanding to remove citizenship when kosovar fighting for jihad in foreign country