Latin America Regional Security Complexes Věra Stojarová peru 474 Latin American Security Complex Latin America Security complex latin_america Integration projects •Not a new idea – Simon Bolívar •1. Pan american movement – integration dominated by USA: Organisation of American States (OAS) •2. ties to Spain – Iberoamerican Community of Nations •3. Uniquely LA integration: •Organisation of central american states, Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) •MERCOSUR (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Venezuela) •Andean community of nations CAN (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia) •G3 Free Trade Agreement (Mexico, Colombia; Venezuela withdrew in 2006 and Mexico and Colombia formed Pacific Alliance with Chile and Peru) •ALBA: Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America 2004 •Cusco Declaration invoked Bolivarian dream – CAN and MERCOSUR – Union of South American Nations in 2007 •(since 2004 Cuba, Venezuela and then up to 11 countries. AlBA: Founded initially by Cuba and Venezuela in 2004, it is associated with socialist and social democratic governments wishing to consolidate regional economic integration based on a vision of social welfare, bartering and mutual economic aid. The eleven member countries are Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Venezuela.^[2] Suriname was admitted to ALBA as a guest country at a February 2012 summit. ALBA nations may conduct trade using a virtual regional currency known as the SUCRE. Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá a leading figure in Latin America's independence struggle was a Venezuelan independence leader and the second President of Bolivia. Sucre was one of Simón Bolívar's closest friends, generals and statesmen. American organisations OAS •Simon Bolivar: 1826 Congress of Panama •n30 April 1948: regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states. •35 independent states of the Americas. proposed creating a league of American republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. Peace, eradicating poverty, human rights promotion, fighting drugs trade, promotion of sustainable development, Canada joined 1990 no matter it obtained independence from foreign policy from UK in the 1930s,Cuba suspended in 1962, new milénium discussion about cuba re-admission, cuba said it will not join again oas - Cuban President Raul Castro says the country will not return to the Organization of American States (OAS) in a show of solidarity with Venezuela. (sanctions imposed against Venezuela cause of lack of democracy) OAS Secretary General Luis Almargo has called for sanctions against Venezuela. At a summit of Caribbean countries in Havana, Mr Castro called the OAS "an instrument of imperialist domination Suspension of Honduras 2009-2011 March 2017 talks about suspension of Venezuela, member states failed to reach a consensus Caribbean community dark green: Full CARICOM members.Lime green: Associate CARICOM members.Pistachio: Observers. Regional single market ALBA •Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty •intergovernmental organization •socialist and social democratic •Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela and Saint Lucia. Suriname •virtual regional currency SUCRE morales [USEMAP] Pact of Bogota •The American Treaty on Pacific Settlement 1948. •settle their disputes through peaceful means. •Exhaust regional dispute-settlement mechanisms before placing matters before the United Nations Security Council. • MERCOSUR (MERCOSUL) - Mercado Común del Sur •Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay •Venezuela suspended 2016 •1991 treaty of Asuncion •Promote democracy •promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, peoples, and currency. • • Mercosur_flag Map_of_MERCOSUR MERCOSUL in portuges, common market of the south Project initiated by brazil and Argentina as a strategy to promote democracy after the military rules in their countries (unlike in the EU, where the EU was meant as a peace project not a consolidation one) MERCOSUR security consensus •1. threat to democracy •2. military transparency and dialogue, joint military exercises •3. New threats: mid 1990s sharing of intelligence and information • MERCOSUR 1.Strategy to stabilize democratic institutions, maintain the rule of law, locking democracy norms 2.Peace 3.Confront transnational terrorist and criminal organizations Antagonism in the region, not many inter-state conflicts, Border disagreements Argentina/Chile,Bolivia/Chile, competition aRgentina /Brazil MERCOSUR •Sovereignity principle •Policy decisions are made by consensus •ratification by national parliaments •Conditionality •Limitations • 2016 july-august: Mercosur members are requesting from Venezuela concrete gestures in favor of democracy and human rights if they are to consider the transfer of the group's pro tempore chair from Uruguay to Caracas, pointed out Paraguayan foreign minister Eladio Loizaga a day after the group was unable to reach a consensus on the issue that has become particularly controversial when not frustrating.Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay have announced they do not support Venezuela as the pro tempore presidency of Mercosur, further deepening controversy in the group which could even hinder ongoing trade negotiations with the European Union and closer links with the Pacific Alliance. Conditionality: when democracy interrupted, suspension of a state follows and will only be readmitted after democracy restored (Peru 1992-3, Panama 1988-94) Limitations: hasnt improved quality of democracy in the region, to expand geographically rather than deepening institutionally, lack of solid supranational institutional structure Andean community of nations-CAN •ecuador peru bolivia colombia •Free flow of people – 2001 travelling with IDs •The Andean passport Venezuela (1973–2006), joined Mercosur Venezuelan President Chávez's announcement of his country's withdrawal from the Andean Community after stating that, as Colombia and Peru have signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with the United States, the Community is "dead Evo Morales declared it wants to change it into Antiimperialist community of nations. Union of South American Nations UNASUR • •Constitutive Treaty in 2008 •Intergovernmental union •MERCOSUR and Andean community of nations •The headquarters in Quito (Ecuador), parliament in Chochabamba in Bolivia •Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela •Official languages dutch, english, spanish, portugues •2018- crisis, many left •2019 PROSUR by Colombia and Chile to replace left-wing UNASUR: democracy and HR 424px-Map_of_member_states_of_unasur_english_svg Small vs. large •Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and borders all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador.(8 511 965 km² (5. globally) 191 908 598 inhabitants (5. globally). •Smallest country in south america – Surinam 438 144 inhabitants(169. in the world), 163 270 km² peru 418 Similar tendencies •Omnipotent fight „conservatives“ vs „liberals“ vs. „socialists“ •Poor indigenas vs. Spanish rich oligarchy •Coca as the mean of living vs. Fight against drug trafficking •US backyard •Oil •Women presidents vs machism • • peru 474 In the name of women in LA Women presidents •Dilma Rousseff, Brazil 2010-2016 •Laura Chinchilla, Costa Rica 2010-14 •Cristina Fernandez Kirchner Argentina 2007-15 •Michele Bachelet Chile 2006-10, 2014-8 •Mireya Moscoso, Panama, 1999-2004 •Violetta Chamorro, Nicaragua 1990-7 •Isabel Peron 1974-76 Argentina • Marina Silva was selected to run as the Socialist Party's candidate for the presidency. In December 2014, was elected by the British newspaper "Financial Times" as one of its Women of the Year. Running in the 2010 Brazilian elections for the Green Party (PV), she earned 19.33% of the popular votes. Feminism vs. Machismo • •Through marriage or family ties (peron, kirchner, laura chinchilla) •Through political activity (bachelet, rousseff) •Women politicised during military regimes, took part in resistance movement, •Leftist movements inclusive and do not focus on gender/class as a condition to hold an important political role • Latin american divisions •Radical populist left •„liberal rightist“ •left socialist governments Radical populist left: Venezuela Hugo Chávez and then Nicolas Maduro, Ecuadorian Rafael Correa, Cuban Fidel/Raul Castro, Nicaraguan Daniel Ortega - claim to support the poor indigenes groups against the rich oligarchy having roots in the Spanish occupation „liberal rightist“ such as the Colombian leader Uribe supported by the USA, Mexican Felipe Calderón - maintain they are fighting against drugs and terrorism in the region. Other countries in the region are mainly governed by the left socialist governments and are not yet but could be prone to listen to Chávez radical rhetoric (Michelle Bachelet in Chile, Lula/Rousseff in Brazil, Alan García and Ollanta Humala in Peru, Evo Moráles in Bolívia, Tabaré Vázquez in Uruguay, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner in Argentina). Why so much leftism in LA?? LA Political spectrum fidel_Castro_Hugo_Chavez LA 2007-2019 Brazil: far right? •Jair Messias Bolsonaro •Nationalist, populist •Pro-gun •Misogyny, homophobia •vocal opponent of same-sex marriage, environmental regulations, abortion,[affirmative action , drug liberalization, land reforms, and secularism at the federal level •statements in defense of the Brazilian military regime •torture is a "legitimate practice" •introduction of life imprisonment to the Brazilian penal code •supports the privatization of state-owned companies and advocates free market policies Inter-state conflicts •1982 The Falklands War •1995 Ecuador and Peru dispute territory in the Cenepa War. • Cenepa war •War 1941 •1995 Ecuador disagreed with the 1941 treaty with Peru •1998 The peace agreement and •1999 demarcation of the border The Falkland War •Economic crisis, civil unrest against junta 1982 •74 days •Returning the islands to British control •"a fight between two bald men over a comb„ •Las Malvinas son Argentinas n Argentina, the military government banned the broadcasting of music in the English language, giving way to the rise of local rock musicians. The Falkland Islands are a homogeneous society, with the majority of inhabitants descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled the territory in 1833.^[127]^[M] The 2006 census listed some Falklands residents as descendants of French, Gibraltarians and Scandinavians.^[128] That census indicated that one-third of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilatedinto local culture.^[129] The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands".^[72] The British Nationality Act of 1983 gaveBritish citizenship to Falkland Islanders. Intra-state conflicts •Peru- Shining Path •Colombia – FARC et al •Venezuela unrest since 2014 •Paraguay: EPP (Ejercito del Pueblo Paraguayo and splinter Armed Farmers Group ACA since 2005 •Chiapas Mexico: Zapatistas and Chiapas • •Zapatista •1994 uprising in Chiapas •Presidential elections in 2000 and ceasefire •Subcomandante Marcos Zapatistas1 Subcomandante_Marcos •whose Liberation Army of the South (Ejército Libertador del Sur) fought during the Mexican Revolution for the redistribution of agricultural land. • Zapata, his army and allies, including Pancho Villa at one point, fought for agrarian reform in Mexico and specifically the establishment of communal land rights for indigenous population. •January 1994 - Zapatistas in the state of Chiapas briefly took arms against the government, protesting alleged oppression and governmental indifference to poverty. • After 12 days of fighting, a cease-fire was negotiated that remains in effect. Since 1994 sporadic clashes have continued to occur between armed civilian groups, usually over disputed land claims. •As a presidential candidate, Fox promised to renew dialogue with the EZLN and address unresolved problems in the state. Following his inauguration, he ordered many troops out of Chiapas, dismantled roadblocks, closed military bases, and submitted revised peace accords to Congress. •Nonetheless, Chiapas has the largest military presence of any other state of the country. In August 2001, the peace accords became Mexican law, after having been passed by Congress and ratified by more than half of the state legislatures. •The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), has not accepted the laws passed, claiming they fail to address certain points. •Subcommandate Marcos, once spokesperson for the EZLN has proclaimed that he will oppose any form of government. Mexico: Oaxaca •two armed groups in the state of Oaxaca •Revolutionary Democratic Tendency - Army of the People (TDR-EP) •Lucio Cabanas Barrientos Revolutionary Movement •Both of these are originally splinter groups of the People's Revolutionary Army EPR. •Neither is considered to have any conventional military capacity PERU: The communist party of Peru -Shining path •1960´s •Abimael Guzman •Universities, intelectuals •Marxism-leninism, maoism •Terrorist activities flag_of_Sendero_Luminoso Pcpnovote PERU: The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) • marxist-leninist revolutionary movement formed in 1983 • communist state •In December 1996 Japanese embassy hostage crisis • MRTA •MRTA suffered from infighting as well as violent clashes with Maoist rival Shining Path, the imprisonment or deaths of senior leaders, and loss of leftist support. •Its last major action resulted in the 1997 Japanes embassy hostage crisis. fourteen MRTA members occupied the Japanese Ambassador's residence in Lima, holding 72 hostages for more than four months. COLOMBIA: FARC/EP •Oldest,largest revolutionary guerilla group •the military wing of the communist party. •12,000-18,000 members •present in 35-40 percent of Colombia's territory •terrorist group •Peace accord 2016 •Alleged ties with venezuela and Ecuador FARc On June 23, 2016 a ceasefire accord was signed between the FARC Guerilla Army and the Colombian Government, in Havana, Cuba. Leaders of several Latin American countries which contributed to the deal, including Cuba and Venezuela, were present. A final peace accord will require a referendum to be approved.^[204] Under the accord, the Colombian government will support massive investment for rural development and facilitate the FARC's reincarnation as a legal political party. FARC promised to help eradicate illegal drug crops, remove landmines in the areas of conflict, and offer reparations to victims. FARC leaders can avoid prosecution by acts of reparation to victims and other community work Colombian peace agreement referendum, or FARC referandum, to ratify the final agreement on the termination of the Colombian conflict will be held on 2 October 2016. ^[1] Colombia: National liberation army ELN •Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN) •Revolutionary, marxist, insurgent guerilla •since 1964 •3,500 to 5,000 guerrillas. •Perceived as terrorist group • ELMŇ Elnlogo Colombia: Other guerilla groups •Ejército popular de liberación EPL •M-19 Movimiento 19 de Abril •Movimiento Quintín Lame handed in weapons together with EPL in 1991 •Autodefensas unidas de colombia UAC – created in 1997 with the aim to unite and centralize all paramilitares. • •pájaros •limpieza social •Escuadrones the muerte • The paramilitary groups have their órigin in pájaros – the assasinators which were expulsing, deterring and eliminating country citizens in the years of Violencia.Nowadays they do the limpieza social as páracos – kill the persons which are not welcome in the society – homosexuals, prostitutes, beggers, narcomans, street children.Murders are performed by the Escuadrones the muerte. Paraguay: Ejercito del Pueblo Paraguayo and splinter Armed Farmers Group ACA since 2005 •The EPP are believed to number 50-80 members •Ties to FARC and PCC (Primeiro Comando da Capital) • Brazil: Primeiro Comando da Capital PCC •First Command of the Capital (Sao Paulo) •Brazilian criminal organization •13 000 members (6 000 in prison) •Also in Paraguay and Bolivia •Prison breaks, prison riots, highway robary, drug trufficking Venezuela protests •2014-19 •Hugo Chavez and Nicolas maduro •Democracy, corruption, security, crime •4 mil. people left Nicolas Maduro's government characterized the protests as an undemocratic coup d'etat attempt^[38] orchestrated by "fascist" opposition leaders and the United States;^[39] he blames capitalism and speculation for causing high inflation rates and goods scarcities as part of an "economic war" being waged on his government.^[ Brazil ´s approach to security •On the path to become great power •Little war experience (19th century) •Defence ministry under civilian control in 1999 •Region on the margin of the world significance •3 crucial areas for Brazl security:cybernetics, nuclear technology, space technology, also indigenous production of military hardware •Prioritize permanent membership in UNSC •Participation on UN peacekeeping missions (haiti) •Tries to act as mediator in regional disputes On the margin: Exception cuban missile crisis Precedent – brazil left in 1926 league of nations as it did not get the permanent membership in council Brazil ´s approach to security •UNASUR 2009 •South American Defence Council (CDS) 2012 •Strategic partnership with the EU 2007 •Successful story in attracting FDI –BRIC •Energy security: the cleanest energy mix in the world in 2008 48% of energy came from renewable resources •Environmental security:deforestation of amazon • • • Ministers of defence of all 12 unasur members met in santiago de chile Hydroenergy, biofuels (light vehicles use ethanol from sugar cane more than petrol, heavy vehicles use blending biodiesel from vegetable oil from farms to mineraldiesel Amazon- sovereignity, non-intervention Argentina: Foreign policy •diplomatic relations with the UK in 1990 •a strong partnership with the USA. •Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War and all phases of the Haiti operation. •Bill Clinton designated Argentina as a major non-NATO ally in January 1998. Argentina: Foreign policy •one of the first nations worldwide to adopt a voluntary greenhouse gas emissions target. •leading advocate of non-proliferation •enhanced regional stability in South America •accused of approving the illegal sale of weapons to Ecuador and to Croatia challenges to democracy •Promoted democracy eventhough they did not always behave in democratic ways •Exhibit authocratic tendencies •Show little respect for the rule of law, political pluralism and democratic checks and balances •Voice to the excluded and marginalized ones – workers in the classical populism or indigenismo in the neo-populist one •End up ruling with decrees, changing constitutions, launching military backed up presidential coups, disregarding division of power, shutting down congress, legitimizing power by new elections or referenda • LA populism, socialism, indigenism •incorporated more voters – workers as well as firm owners, poorest part of society •heavily relies upon nationalism or indigenism •charismatic leader •Sentiments, strong leadership, rapid solutions, •Always men with exception of Eva Perón – LA machismo •origins are quite different from traditional while elite •High public support •Mostly presidential systems without checks and balances •Fragile party system •Aim to create“new type of democracy“ peru 418 origins are quite different from traditional while elite. (“The Turk” was the nickname of Carlos Menem (Syrian in origin), while Alberto Fujimori was “The Chinaman”, Evo Morales is indigenous, while Hugo Chávez is said to have the native physique of the Venezuelan people, former president of Ecuador, Abdalá Bucaram (parents were Lebanese) Néstor Kirchner (origins are Swiss and Chilean) High public support Covid-19 – worse than 1981/2008 crises? •Basic education •economies, exports, tourism •OC, underground economy •Migrants •Democracy •Authoritarian drift •Conflicts • political violence •https://reliefweb.int/report/colombia/covid-19-disorder-tracker-two-month-review-latin-america-22- mar-16-may-2020 Seminar: Presentations •time for one presentation is 10 - 15 minutes •the content •presentation skills •sources and •ability to accelerate discussion are under assessment consideration. Southern Cone • geographic region: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay •southernmost areas of South America, south of and around the Tropic of Capricorn •In terms of social and political geography, the Southern Cone comprises Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and sometimes Paraguay. •High life expectancy • high standard of living, •the most prosperous macro-region in Latin America • •